Ernest Hemingway’s Portrayal of Masculinity Essay -- Hemingway Code He

Ernest Hemingway’s Portrayal of Masculinity When thinking of masculinity in literature, one author has who has become synonymous with manliness comes to mind, Ernest Hemingway. Critics have spent countless hours studying his writing in order to gain insight into his world of manly delights, including his views on sex, war, and sport. His views can be seen through his characters, his themes and even his style of writing. The characters in Hemingway’s stories reveal much about how he feels about men and the role they should play in society. Most of Hemingway’s male characters can be split into one of two groups. The first of which is the â€Å"Code† Hero. This is the tough, macho guy who chooses to live his life by following a â€Å"code of honor, courage, chivalry, honestly, and the ability to bear pain with resistance and dignity, and does not whine when defeated† (Scott, 217). This hero is Hemingway’s ideal man, whom every man should want to become. Robert Penn Warren writes of the â€Å"code† hero: [Hemingway’s] heroes are not squealers, welchers, compromisers, or cowards, and when they confront defeat they realize that the stance they take, the stoic endurance, the stiff upper lip means a kind of victory. If they are to be defeated they are defeated upon their own terms; some of them have even courted their defeat; and certainly they have maintained, even in the practical defeat, an ideal of themselves – some definition of how a man should behave, formulated or unformulated – by which they have lived. They represent some notion of a code, some notion of honor, that makes a man a man, and that distinguishes him from people who merely follow their random impulses and who are, by consequence, â€Å"messy.† (Warren, 79) Hemingway also seems to associate acts of violence with masculinity. Nathan Scott Jr. writes of Hemingway’s manliest characters: Whatever they do, whether it be bullfighting or fishing or prizefighting or hunting lions in the African bush or blowing up bridges as a military saboteur – is done with consummate skill and with pride of craft; they are tough and competent: they can be counted on in a tight squeeze, and they do not cheat or squeal or flinch at the prospect of danger. (Scott, 217) Examples of the â€Å"code† hero in Hemingway’s work include Manuel the bullfighter, in â€Å"The Undefeated† he fights with a noble dignity even when he is je... ...lso the idea that because the hero lives by his code, he is able to â€Å"live properly in the world of violence, disorder, and misery in which he inhabits† (Baker, 15). The young waiter who hopes to one-day become a noble bullfighter in â€Å"The Capital of the World† illustrates this point. After performing gallantly, he takes his defeat with a sense of pride and chivalry allowing him to die the only real death in Hemingway’s mind, the death of a real man. Sources Baker, Carlos. Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story. New York: Scribner’s, 1969. Fiedler, Leslie A. Love and Death in the American Novel. New York: Criterion Books, 1960. 304-09. Strychancz, Thomas. â€Å"The Sort of Thing You Never Should Admit.† Boys Don’t Cry: Rethinking Narratives of Masculinity and Emotion in the US. Eds. Millette Shamir, Jennifer Travis. New York: Columbia University Press. 2002. 140-72. Wagner, Linda Welshimer, Ed. Ernest Hemingway: Five Decades of Criticism. Michigan State University Press, 1974. Holder, Alan. â€Å"The Other Hemingway.† Wagner. 103-08. Scott, Nathan, Jr. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway, A Critical Essay.† Wagner. 210-18. Warren, Robert Penn. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway.† Wagner. 77-101.

Global cities show a particularly high degree of social polarization Essay

Social polarization is a relatively new urban phenomenon that identifies the existence of a widening gap between the rich and poor within a social group or entity. This gap has developed in country’s societies as a result of ‘income equalities, real estate fluctuations and economic displacement’ (Moulaert 2003). The effects can be damaging to society and can include ‘a loss of resources, investment and young people to the core’ (Bradford and Kent 1995). I aim to discuss and explain social polarization in terms of the causes and effects on society, as well as the main catalysts of polarization. Many geographers believe that globalization is a process that ‘has enabled nation-states, TNCs, as well as individuals, to extend their reach across the globe’ (Daniels et al 2008). Globalization has meant that ‘national economies have become integrated into the international economy’ (Croucher 2004) as a result of trade, capital flows, foreign direct investment, migration and the spread of technology; leading to the growth of many sectors, especially the financial sector, where information is easily accessible via a technologically strong communications network. Some are of the belief that ‘Globalization leads directly to social polarization’ (Sassen 1991) The rapid growth in the financial sector has led to the formation of very well paid positions within financial institutes dominated by managers, executives and stockbrokers. However, it has also created large numbers of low-paying jobs, often filled by women and the minorities in unskilled positions. As a result of this, income inequality is common in global cities with salaries ranging greatly. The United Nations quoted that ‘between 1960 and 1990 country differentials between the wealthiest and poorest 20% increased from 30 to more than 60 (UNDP 1993)(Thrift et al 2002). This can lead to a number of problems, with the lower paid workers easily replaced by an abundant supply of workers moving to the area from abroad, known as the ‘urban immigrant population’ (Chao-Lin 2002). The replacement of low-income workers has become a problem in many global cities, for example in Beijing, the open door immigration policy as led to an influx of urban immigrants. Many social problems are caused as a result of this, such as stress at home and at work etc. This, in turn, widens the gap between the richer and poorer people in society; thus increasing social polarization. The ‘transnationals’ have, of course, greatly changed the economic environment. At the global scale their location of production in developing countries has contributed to what has been called a global shift’ (Bradford and Kent 1995). In the first half of the twentieth century the majority of manufacturing and production plants was concentrated in the core: Western Europe and North America. However, a ‘global shift’ (Bradford and Kent 1995) did occur and by the 1980s a third of TNCs had moved to global production in Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs) at the periphery. As these TNCs made more money and became financially stronger, there was a shift of power from the governments to the transnationals’. The TNCs have great control over some sectors of the economy, as government revenue from taxes is recycled (through wages) back into the large corporations. TNCs can cause a variety of problems by locating in developing countries, ‘the concentration of many transnationals’ activities in one area, often the core, may exacerbate inter-regional differences’ (Bradford and Kent 1995). Again, this will cause social polarization as different areas in a country, or town will show differences in amenities etc. due to a greater investment in infrastructure. However, this investment in the core regions is needed to service the large corporations. Investment will attract people, jobs and activity into the core regions, thus emphasizing the strength of the pull factors created by TNCs: more well paid jobs are created, better living conditions, more amenities etc. However, ‘this is often at the expense of peripheral regions which lose resources, investment and young people to the core – the so called backwash or polarization effects’ (Bradford and Kent 1995). Friedmann’s Core Periphery Model is relevant here as over time people are drawn from the periphery areas into the core, (See Figure 1). Transnationals’ can also cause problems if similar corporations locate in the same countries, thus leading to ‘segmentation of markets’ (classifying markets into distinct subsets with the same needs).   (Todd 1977). (Classifying markets into distinct subsets with the same needs). This can lead to social differences being accentuated, again relating back to differences in income inequality and quality of life at the core and periphery. Furthermore, particular cultures in countries have changed as a result of ‘acquisition of material goods’ (Bradford and Kent 1995). This has lead to people’s position in society being determined by possession or consumption of particular goods, causing anger and stress, which causes societies to began more polarized. To conclude; in my opinion social polarization, can only have a negative effect on societies and countries as stress and anger is caused as a result of concentrations of investment in core areas, leaving peripheral areas without amenities and jobs. As TNCs continue to increase in size the effects of polarization can only increase with the gap between different social groups increasing, as a result of income inequality and economic displacement. With increased control and power, soon TNCs will have even more control than some governments, and this can already be seen in some areas of the world with governments in India etc. being unable to stop sweatshop labour e.g. Nike in Bangladesh. Polarization shows gaps in society have begun to develop as local markets develop in global markets as a result of globalization and the growth of large corporations. References Bradford, M. and Kent, A. 1993 Understanding Human Geography: People and their   Ã‚  Ã‚   Changing Environments, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Chao-Lin, G.U. 2001 Social Polarization and Segregation in Beijing, Beijing, Science  Ã‚  Ã‚   Press, http://www.springerlink.com/content/h3w8112rj24l8468/fulltext.pdf, 29th  Ã‚  Ã‚   November Johnston, R.J., Taylor, P.J and Watts, M.J. 1995 The Reconfiguration of Late   Ã‚  Ã‚   Twentieth-Century Capitalism. In Johnston, R.J., Taylor, P.J and Watts, M.J.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (eds) Geographies of Global Change: Remapping the World, Blackwell   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Publishers Ltd., United Kingdom, 19-29. Moulaert, F., Swyndedouw, E. and Rodriguez, A. 2003 The Globalized City:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Economic Restructuring and Social Polarization in European Cities, Oxford   Ã‚   University Press, Oxford. Sassen, S. 2001 The Global City, Princeton University Press, USA Todd, D. 1977 Polarization and the Regional Problem: Manufacturing in Nova Scotia,    The University of Manitoba Geography Department, Canada. Figure 1. Rodrigue, Dr. J. P. Department of Economics and Geography, 1998 Bradshaw, M., Daniels, P., Shaw, D. and Sidway, J. 2008 An Introduction to Human  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Geography, Pearson Education Limited, England.   

My Memories Of My Memory - 903 Words

My earliest memory stretches as far back as I can remember. I know all the details of my birth and the hospital when I was born in Farmington Hills, Michigan, but of course not from memory. All of these details have been hammered into my head by our parents. Many memories are embedded in our brains. Some are more retrievable than others. The way we remember these memories may have occurred that way or they may have been a little different than we remember. Now let’s see if I can rummage into my deepest corners of my memory and retrieve some fragments of lost information. The first earliest happiest memory I can remember from my childhood is visiting Mio, Michigan we used to go there all the time with my parents. I must have been around the age of six or seven. My brother wasn’t born yet it was just my sister and I. I can remember this day quiet clearly, as often as we went up north. It was a sunny fall day the birds were chirping, and everyone seemed to be in a good mood. It was my mom, dad, grandma, sister and I. This day was an exciting day more exciting than any other day. The day started out by going to the fishing pond to feed the fish. This was our favorite place to visit when we went up north. We used to call it a pond, but it was a place where they had multiple rectangular open spots where you could feed fish. After, we left there my sister and I thought we were going home back to the cabin. Although, we started driving and driving, an hour went by and we ended up inShow MoreRelatedMy Memories Of My Memory Essay1177 Words   |  5 Pa gesGoing through my memory bank to remember something I learned, which seems so long ago, has made me laugh because roller skating pops right into my head. Out of all things to remember that was my worst and most exciting learning experience. I could not even tell you how old I was. I would guess between five and eight years old. I remember getting a big brown box and in that box was a pair of roller skates. 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Offshore call centre Free Essay Example, 1500 words

1.4 Outsourcing vs. Offshoring Arguments in Favor of Offshoring. Numerous benefits have been identified to be related with firms’ decision to opt for offshore. In this regard, offshore outsourcing provides client firms with increased flexibility in alignment with the selection and switching amid the suppliers. Eventually, it adds to a firm’s capability to improve its competencies particularly related with innovation and strengthening R Bertrand & Mol, n.d. ). Innovation in the current business domain is ascertained to be an extremely important element for the success and growth of an organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Offshore call centre or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now This creates a need for the firms to realize new capabilities that are not presently available within their internal capabilities, which can be achieved through offshore outsourcing. Knowledge sharing is also considered to have a positive impact on the performance of a business. Correspondingly, offshore outsourcing is further believed to facilitate an increased level of knowledge sharing, which in turn is expected to cultivate innovation, resulting in augmenting the efficiency of the client firms at large (Garcà ­a-Vega & Huergo, 2011). Arguments against Offshoring. Although offshore outsourcing is claimed to offer significant benefits to client firms, yet the establishment of offshoring business model can found to be accompanied with certain inherent risks. Notably, one of the prime risks associated with offshore outsourcing is primarily related with rigidness pertaining to alteration of the package of outsourced agreements. Another major risk associated with offshore outsourcing is related with the selection of suppliers. Besides, offshore outsourcing creates a requirement for the client firms to build financial models that addresses the issues pertaining to exchange rate fluctuations, interest rates, inflation rates as well as other treasury difficulties for eliminating any possible conflict or misunderstanding with the vendor firms.

The Collapse Of The Oslo Negotiations - 1796 Words

Although the claim that the collapse of the Oslo negotiations was due to a failure of process rather than of substance carries some weight, I will argue that had the substance of the terms of Oslo been more explicit and had they avoided an open-ended gradualism approach, I doubt that the ensuing process would have had such a devastating effect on the negotiations. In the following essay I will analyse the key reasons for the failure of Oslo, namely the constructive ambiguity of the terms themselves and how this contributed to creating conflicting misconceptions regarding the final settlement, the lack of an explicit commitment to the two-state solution as the end-point of the negotiations and finally the gradualist structure for the peace†¦show more content†¦This was the first of among many terms whose meaning was effectively nullified by the â€Å"constructive ambiguity† of the Oslo Accords. Abd Al-Sahfi furthers this argument stating that, through the Accords, the status of the West Bank and Gaza strip was being blurred from being recognisably ‘occupied’ to only being ‘disputed’ as well as Ben-Ami stating ‘there is nothing in the letter of the Oslo accords that prevents the creation of settlements’ . Israel capitalised upon this ambiguity through its settlement expansion programme, to them, a provision merely implied could not be relied upon, especially as there were no provisions for a complete Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territories, even as a final status issue. To the Palestinians this was ‘indicative of Israel’s inability to take a decision that would recognize these as Palestinian territories’ , even if the Israelis claimed this was a matter of interpreting the terms as only applying to the legal status of the occupied territories rather than to the demographic and geographic status-quo. Though the Accords enumerate a number of contentious issues to be deferred to a la ter date, with even reference being made to UN Security Council Resolution 242 (the withdrawal of territories) the Israelis profited from the openness of the terms so as to ‘exploit their powers as occupiers to the hilt’ so that by the time final status negotiations discussing Palestinian statehood

Global Financial Imbalances Essay Free Essays

string(290) " You can also review Free Politics Essay – International Political Economy Global Financial imbalances Liberalisation of trade is pursued by states because it defends international mobility of investment in sites of production, free trade, trade and financial liberalisation in services\." Global Financial Imbalances Essay – How the arrangements of global trade act as a driver of global imbalances Abstract This paper looks at the different factors causing trade imbalance on the global trade arena. This global financial imbalances essay identifies the different factors that affect the global trade imbalances of trade as envisioned in the global trade agreements. The findings reveal that there is need for countries to look into better ways of ensuring that a level playing field is provided for all and proper mechanisms enacted to ensure that no member state flouts the rules and policies. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Financial Imbalances Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction Pettis (2013, p. 65) claims that trade is a very controversial issue around the world because many people hold the perception that trade agreements and even trade itself undermines some human rights like labour rights, and even affordable medicine in some cases. Many international institutions have emerged to act as a means for countries to foster new economic order. Some of the institutions include bodies like World Trade Organisation which has eventually replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade to help reduce trade tariffs; the European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation Group (APEC). These trade agreements are being formed to help regions integrate and enable smooth trading among the trading partners. In addition to the aforementioned regional trade agreements, countries are still negotiating other bilateral trade agreements in all parts of the world. (Rebucci et al 2009, p.44). All these efforts are being directed at liberalising the world economy in order to ensure smooth flow of goods and services in the global market. This liberalisation of trade and investment around the globe has made a large contribution to an increase in global trade volumes, portfolio investment and foreign direct investments, all of which have made significant impacts on the member countries. Despite all the advantages that accompany neoliberalism, it has flaws because it has created trade imbalances in the member states. Liberalisation of trade has been appealing to states because of the logic of comparative advantage as it relocates the factors of production to areas where they would yield a greater advantage through subjection to international competition and trade. This is what guided the formation of associations like World Trade Organisation and the European Union. However, this is part of the causative agents for global trade imbalance because the international economy and the financial system are increasingly becoming vulnerable to the policies of the surplus countries as some countries intentionally refuse to play along the rules of liberalisation (Koo 2011, p. 77). You can also review Free Politics Essay – International Political Economy Global Financial imbalances Liberalisation of trade is pursued by states because it defends international mobility of investment in sites of production, free trade, trade and financial liberalisation in services. Therefore economic efficiency lies in the increase in specialisation in production and circulation of goods and services, and reallocation of capital in the global market. However, the recession being suffered by the developed states has leftthe future of trade liberalisation in the balance as these countries may decide to opt for protectionism in order to shield their economies from such adverse effects (Fardoust et al 2011, p. 54). In contrast to the situation in 2008, countries now have some tools which they can use to mitigate the renewed economic downtown which increases the chances of it generating into a recessionIf the economic downtown continues then the protectionist pressure is likely to increase. However Koo (2011, p. 19) asserts that the first countries that will erect trade barriers to cushion themselves against economic downtown will obviously be blamed for the eventual damage that will be made to the global trading system. However, the countries that will be more responsible for this are the ones that skew their industrial structures, exchange rate policies and tax systems to gain competitive advantage. The irony of this scenario is that the governments that are most dependent on the free trade i.e. the ones that produce more commodities than they can consume will be the biggest hindrance to the sustainable recovery of the global economy (Pettis 2013, p. 55). It is therefore advisable for these countries to change course before it is too late for them to act, or else they will suffer adversely if other governments decide to erect new trade barriers because it will affect their market segments. The countries with surplus production have a tendency of exhorting the governments with deficits to live within their means, pay their debts and save more. However the real challenge facing the global economy is the acute lack of aggregate demand. The globe is already awash with savings but profitable investment opportunities are very minimal which manifests itself in the weakness of consumption (Morrison et al 2007, p. 31). The implication for this is that saving more is not a solution to the countries with trade deficits. Indeed saving more will be extremely disastrous as it will reduce consumption. Reducing consumption will depress investment because households will no longer be buying more and as a consequence, aggravate the fiscal problems. If the governments with big trade deficits opt to save more, then those with surplus will be forced to spend more and save less. Fund (2010, p. 66) claims that the weakness of domestic demand in the United Kingdom, United States and the rest of the Eurozone is grossly affecting the global demand but there is nothing to offset it. The governments with big surpluses like Japan, Germany and China are not doing anything to help ease the contraction in demand elsewhere. Such a situation is fraught with risks because for the world to continue enjoying the benefits of global trade and finance, then there must be a mechanism for unwinding the global trade imbalances. This then leads the discussion to the definition of trade imbalance in order to be able to identify its causes and effects. You can also review UK Trademark and Fashion Brands Essay What is trade imbalance? Duncan (2013, p.65) defines trade balance of a government as a reflection of what it spends less what it produces. A country has a trade surplus if its income exceeds its expenditure which enables it to lend the surplus to the countries where their expenditures exceed their income. In so doing these countries are able to accumulate international assets. The countries with a deficit on the other hand are on the flipside of this as they spend more than their income and have to borrow from the governments with surpluses to cover for the difference. However, in the process of covering their difference, they end up accumulating international debts or liabilities. Surplus economies are dependent on the deficit economies just like the deficit economies are dependent on the surplus economies which imply that there is a mutual relationship of dependency. Therefore it is not possible for all governments to run in surpluses or deficits as both must be in existence for the relationship to subsis t. This then leads to the question of whether trade imbalances are sustainable or not. Trade imbalances and the eventual capital flows between governments are not necessarily the problem. The fast ageing wealthy governments often have excess savings which enables them to make investments in economies with insufficient savings to meet their investment needs (Duncan 2013, p.90). Historically, this meant putting more investments in the rapidly developing economies. As long as the current account deficits remain modest and governments invest the surplus in ways that promote economic growth, then such imbalances are sustainable. However, the current trade imbalances around the world are of a different type (Hall et al 2011, p. 70). They are much bigger than was ever anticipated. For instance the most serious is that between China and the United States where China is still maintaining a huge trade surplus with the United States. Most of the other trade imbalances are between economies with the same levels of development, for example Japan and the United States, and between the Eurozone members. Such imbalances are far from benign as they destabilize the flow of capital between economies. For instance the 2007 global financial crisis and the resultant Eurozone crisis were caused by capital flaws between countries (Haddad and, Shepherd 2011, p. 43). The banks that were overleveraged made matters worse as they further amplified the crisis. However, the underlying reason for the capital outflows was economies with surpluses seeking higher returns. The surplus economies like the United Kingdom, United States and the rest of the Eurozone failed to find productive uses for their surpluses. Instead of boosting productivity, the inflow investments ended up raising assets prices leading to excessive borrowing by the households. The trade imbalances survived both crisis and are even growing again at high levels. However, this is not sustainable. Unlike in the period preceding the 2007 crisis, the current deficit has nothing to do with excess demand in the economies with deficit. It is occurring against a backdrop of stagnation and a decrease in the living standards of these economies. Firms and households of the deficit economies are even saving more and there is no offsetting decline in savings in the private sector within the economies with surpluses (Chen et al 2012, p. 47). Against such kind of economic activities, the trade deficits constitute a major hindrance to economic activities as they reduce employment and demand and as a consequence forces governments to intervene by running huge fiscal deficits. The external demand that the surplus economies rely on is heavily dependent on unsustainable policies in the economies with deficits. You can also review Finance Essay on Savings and Loans Crisis Theoretical foundation – Unger: institutional arrangements and outcomes Roberto Unger proposes an institutional arrangement for the organisation of civil societies, democracies and market economies. He claims that neo-liberalisation of trade is based on theory of comparative advantage that is too partial. It is this partiality that has created global trade imbalances. Roberto Unger argues that the current model of comparative advantage used for free trade arguments is not only partial but is also incomplete and empirically inaccurate to permit the formulation of global business policies. His major concern is the trade policies and designs of the global trading systems which he thinks are inherently designed to create trade imbalances (Claessens, et al 2010, p.81). The theory of comparative advantage is incomplete because it has as a premise the existence of an established comparative advantage. The comparative advantage in the real world is a function of a complex array of economic, social, and political factors. As such it is not possible to determine a case for free trade until fully taking into account the manner in which these factors interact to create the regime of an economy. It is these differences relative to unit costs across countries that create comparative advantage. Different trade agreements often have an effect on the patterns of advantage that an economy can develop and then eventual gains it can attain from free trade. In addition to this, the trade theories often find that multiple world equilibriums exists both in the presence of increasing returns and scale economies as well as the conventional return models (Unger 2005, p. 89). Whichever of these equilibriums the global economy leads a country into affects the aggregate efficiency and distribution of the gains from trade across nations. In the process of selecting equilibrium, broader political and social processes are likely to play a significant role. Only once the effects of trade restrictions on social and political forces have been determined and the eventual selection of an equilibrium made, can a definitive case for or against liberal trade policies be made. This is the reason why Unger proposed the development of a more complex theory of trade premised on a set of basic ideas that play analogous role for labelling the assumptions of a formal model. Without the formal model that takes into account all the factors that affect equilibrium, then the trade imbalances will continue to exist. Other Causes of Trade Imbalance Some countries like China are fuelling imbalance in the global economy by devaluing the Yuan like the Japanese did 26 years ago (Aaronson Zimmerman 2008, p.81). The country is accused of intentionally devaluing its exchange rates. Although it is not easy to accurately calculate the exchange rate of the Yuan, economists believe it is undervalued by up to 40% and consensus indicate that the policy of China of stockpiling foreign exchange reserves is responsible for this (Aaronson Zimmerman 2008, p.33). The country has been able to use its huge trade surplus to buy US currency and treasuries in order to maintain a high demand for the US Dollar and make the Yuan appear relatively cheap. This raises the price competitiveness of China against the United States. Acts of money intervention by China to create trade imbalance is deliberate as it spends a lot of money in the market to keep the Yuan undervalued. This market interference by China is fuelling trade deficits in the United States because American companies are forced to outsource jobs to China in order to be able to enjoy cheap labour (Claessens, Evenett Hoekman 2010, p. 64). The purchasing power of the Chinese is equally suppressed because they are less able to afford foreign products and increase their living standards. This makes it hard for foreign companies to sell their products in the country because the weak Yuan renders them expensive for the average Chinese consumer. The manipulation of trade by China is also fuelling overconsumption in the United States by buying up government treasuries. The artificial suppression of the value of Yuan allows the treasury department to lower the long term interest rates. This fuels the western and American debt, over consumption and ensures that the demand for the Chinese exports is sustained. Although such a practice is not illegal, it creates imbalance in the global trade arena. Although the East and China have played a major role in the provision of attractively priced commodities and financing the western debts, the west has also been responsible for the creation of trade imbalance owing to their inability to control their over consumption (Berger and Nitsch 2010, p. 62). Other than the manipulation of currency by China, the country also supresses labour rights thus lowering the costs of production in the country. The repression of labour by the Chinese government has lowered the manufacturing wages of the workers by approximately 47% to 86% (Chen et al 2012, p.86). The country also provides huge direct export subsidies to its major industries in order to boost production for the export market. Finally, China maintains strict non-tariff barriers to imports. This has ensured that the country maintains trade imbalance with other countries and as at 2011 the Chinese exports to the US were more than four times what the United States exported to China. This trade imbalance from China was further enhanced partly when the country was accepted into the World Trade Organisation without inclusion of a clause to improve the environmental standards and the labour conditions. The entry of China into the economic playing field has further worsened things for the domestic workers in the United States in favour of the multinational companies working in China. You can also review Free International Relations Trade Dissertation Essay Conclusion This essay has identified the different factors affecting the balance of trade on the international arena. Some countries are deliberately carrying out actions to influence the balance of trade in their favour at the expense of the other partners. Although there are countries that are interfering with the global balance provided by the international market, there is need for countries to look into better ways of ensuring that a good business environment is provided for all and proper mechanisms enacted to ensure that no member state flouts the rules and policies You can also review International Business Environment Essay References Aaronson, S. A., Zimmerman, J. M. (2008). Trade imbalance: The struggle to weigh human rights concerns in trade policymaking. New York, N.Y., : Cambridge University Press. Berger, H., Nitsch, V., International Monetary Fund. (2010). The Euro?s Effect on Trade Imbalances. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund. Chen, R., Milesi-Ferretti, G.-M., Tressel, T., International Monetary Fund., International Monetary Fund. (2012). External imbalances in the Euro area. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund. Claessens, S., Evenett, S. J., Hoekman, B. M. (2010). Rebalancing the global economy: A primer for policymaking. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research. Duncan, R. (2013). The dollar crisis: Causes, consequences, cures. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Fund, I. M. (2010). European Financial Linkages. Washington: International Monetary Fund. Haddad, M., Shepherd, B., World Bank. (2011). Managing openness: Trade and outward-oriented growth after the crisis. Washington, D.C: World Bank. Hall, P. V., McCalla, R. J., Comtois, C., Slack, B. (2011). Integrating seaports and trade corridors. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. Koo, R. C. (2011). The Holy Grail of Macroeconomics: Lessons from Japans Great Recession. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Korea-World Bank High Level Conference on Post-Crisis Growth and Development, Fardoust, S., Kim, Y., Sepulveda, C. P., World Bank., Taeoe Kyo?ngje Cho?ngch’aek Yo?n’guwo?n (Korea). (2011). Postcrisis growth and development: A development agenda for the G-20. Washington, D.C: World Bank. Morrison, C. E., Pedrosa, E., Pacific Economic Cooperation Council., APEC Business Advisory Council., Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. (2007). An APEC trade agenda?: The political economy of a free trade area of the Asia-Pacific. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Pettis, M. (2013). The great rebalancing: Trade, conflict, and the perilous road ahead for the world economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Rebucci, A., Batini, N., Cova, P., Pisani, M. (2009). Global Imbalances. Washington: International Monetary Fund. Unger, R. M. (2005). What should the Left propose?. London: Verso. For other resources, please take a look at our site Journal. 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Relationship Between Obesity And Vitamin D â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Relationship Between Obesity And Vitamin D? Answer: Introducation According toTurer, Lin Flores, 2013, Vitamin D is the principalnutrient responsible for bone metabolism.Ithelps in providing proper skeletal health(Dimitri, Wales Bishop, 2010).Rays of the sun and hepatic synthesis are the two crucial pathways providing Vitamin D support for the body. It is the Vitamin D, which peaks the bone mass accrual during adolescence and childhood (Turer, Lin Flores, 2013). Deficiency of vitamin D (25 hydroxy Vitamin D) is associated with several skeletal problems like increased susceptibility of the fractured bone joints, tooth decay rickets, slipped capital femoral epiphysis and osteomalacia along with Blount disease (Turer, Lin Flores, 2013). According toReyman et al., 2014, deficiency of Vitamin D cause chronic healthcare conditions. These health conditions include hypertension, diabetes(via the affect glucose homeostasis) (Olson et al., 2012), cardiovascular disease, homeostasis and multiple sclerosis(Holick, 2006). One of the principal causes of Vita min D deficiency is obesity(Holick, 2007). Obesity arisingout of the vitamin D deficiency is mostly due to the decreased in the level of bio-available vitamin D3from the cutaneous and other dietary sources(Reyman et al., 2014).Vitamin D is a fat-solubleprotein, increase in the body weight is promoted by the increase in the fat tissue, and Vitamin D gets absorbed inside these adipose tissues leading to deficiency. The alternative theory sates that the increase in the fat tissue disrupt the normal hormonal pathway leading to fragile skeletal function. Obese individuals are found to have low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in blood plasma. Low 25(OH)D is associated with high level of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in blood plasma(Wortsman, Matsuoka, Chen, Lu Holick, 2000). According toMason, Xiao, Imayama, Duggan, Wang, KordeMcTiernan, 2014, supplementation of Vitamin D does not directly promote weight loss but increases the chances of reducing weight. Comparison Between Key Objective of the Research According tothe paper,Vitamin D3 supplementation during weight loss: a double-blind randomized controlled trial13(Paper 1), obesity is associated with deficiency in Vitamin D.It also claims that vitamin D promotes weight loss via improving the metabolic markers(Beydoun, Boueiz, ShroffBeydoun,Wang Zonderman, 2010). However, higher BMI rate is associated with lower concentration of Vitamin D. Although studies related to epidemiologic evidence indicated that the high concentrations of the circulating VitaminD is associated with comparatively less gain in the body weight and significantly lower risk of generating obesity-related metabolic complications (Mai, Chen Camargo Langhammer, 2012).The aim of the study is to investigate how vitamin D supplementation promotes weight loss(Vimaleswaran, Berry, Lu, TikkanenPilz, 2013). The study also aims of explore the unknown sphere of Vitamin D in relation to weight loss as weight loss via several lifestyle intervention as this section still remain s untouched. accounting to Vitamin D deficiency in childhood obesity is associated with high levels of circulating inflammatory mediators, and low insulin sensitivity(Paper 2), the obesity, which is common during the early childhood, is majorly associated with systematic inflammatory reactions and low-grade hypersensitivity (Mora, Iwata Von Andrian, 2008). The hypersensitivity leads to the generation of insulin insensitivity (Gagnon et al., 2012). This insulin insensitivity makes the insulin receptors in the hepatic cells inactive leading to the generation of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Childhood obesity is also found associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease in the later stages of life. This obese child has been found suffering from low blood concentration of Vitamin D. Vitamin D is known for its profound immunomodulatory function, this primary hypothesis of the research paper is Vitamin D deficiency among the childhood obese people has a strong relation with the enhan ced level of systemic infection and increase in the insulin tolerance. According to Prevalence of Vitamin D De?ciency Among Overweight and Obese US Children(Paper 3) ,adequate level of vitamin D in blood is regarded as an essential factor for maintaining proper skeletal health in the developing children who are gradually attaining their puberty (Harel, Flanagan, ForcierHarel, 2011). Although overweight or excess gain of the fat tissue in the body is associated with an increased risk of developing sound vitamin D de?ciency. The research paper aims to elucidate the risk factors, which are associated with the low levels of the Vitamin D in blood of obese or overweight children. Comparison between Methodology Undertaken and the Nature of Participants In Vitamin D3 supplementation during weight loss: a double-blind randomized controlled trial13, randomized clinical trial was performed. The principal target population of the study included 218postmenopausal women in Seattle, WA who are aged in between 50 to 75 years and are overweight. They possessed serum Vitamin D concentration in between =10 ng/mL but Comparison betweenResults and Conclusion The outcome of the study conducted by Mason et al.,showed that Vitamin D3 supplementation during the weight loss regime has no direct relationwith the process of weight loss or other associated factors when compared with the placebo. The women under trial are though are kept under restricted calorie diet and strict exercise regime program. The findings are in sync with the Zittermann et al (2009). However, repletewomen experienced better improvements.The women showed a significant decrease in the CRP than that of the placebo. The research however, failed to elucidate to the extent at which obesity is related with the low concentration of Vitamin D. Moreover, the research also did not explored the validity of the similar results on the basis if the higher Vitamin D concentration. The relation of vitamin D may be significant with weight loss with severely obese women or non-menopausal women but the study did nit explored these diverse directions of the Vitamin D effect. The results of the paper entitled with Vitamin D deficiency in childhood showed that the severe vitamin D deficiency is present in obese children in comparison to the healthy control children. Moreover, The Vitamin D [25(OH)D] deficient obese children showed high level of non-reactive insulin receptors than those of other obese children who are not suffering from vitamin D deficiency. Moreover, obese children with 25(OH)D-deficiency showed greater concentration of the inflammatory mediators in the body. The inflammatory mediators show was found present include chemerin, cathepsin S and soluble vascular adhesion molecule (sVCAM). On the basis of the above results, the study concluded that 25(OH)D deficiency occurring during the childhood of the obese children is directly associated with the enhanced level of systemic inflammation along with reduced level of insulin sensitivity in blood. The high concentration of the inflammatory mediators like cathepsin S and sVCAM give a direct indication of the h yper activation of the pro-inflammatory response. The study further concluded that, the pro-diabetic and atherogenicpathway which are few of the most essential pathways in the body leads to the decrease in the synthesis of the Vitamin D from the hepatic cells. This physiological condition can easily be controlled via external supplementation of vitamin D.The results of this cross sectional study, conducted by the Christy et al., (2012) sowed the direct prevalence of the vitamin D de?ciency in healthy-weight children, overweight children, obese children, and severely obese children children. The percentage was found range 21% (20% 22%), 29% (27%31%), 34% (32%36%), and 49% (45%53%), respectively. As per the available numerical data, it was easy to interpret that the prevalence of the vitamin D de?ciency in blood is severein the obese children in compared with the healthy weight children. The overweight, obese or severely obese children also showed signi?cant greater level of the vitam in D de?ciency. Furthermore, on following the numerical analysis, the modi?able factors, which are associated with the vitamin D de?ciency in the overweight or obese children were critically identi?ed. From the study, this research paper concluded that vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in the overweight and obese children. This increase in the prevalence of the Vitamin D deficiency suggested that there is an increase in the need of targeted screening and subsequent treatment of this psychology anomaly. Comparative Study of the ArticlesVia Tabular Representation No. Methods Analysis 1 It conducted a randomized control clinical trial among the women in Seattle. The women here selected are post menopausal, obese and aged in between 50 to 75 years. They provided the oral supplementation of Vitamin D from external support and tried to ascertain the affect of Vitamin D in weight loss in comparison to placebo. 2 Cross-sectional study was performed with obese children between the age group of 6 to 16 years. 3 It is a cross-sectional study performed in between the children of 6 to 18 years. They took the data from the survey or NHANES conducted in between 2003-2004 and 2005-2006.Here the children selected include healthy, obese or severely obese and over weight Conclusion and Discussion Analysis Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3 The paper showed that Vitamin D is not directly related with the weight loss program among the postmenopausal women. Because, external supplementation of the Vitamin D increases the sensitivity towards insulin and reducesother risk factors of obesity.Itonly helps in fighting back against obesity indirectly. The result of the study showed that obese children suffer from Vitamin deficiency. Because, of vitamin D in blood promotes pro-inflammatory response and drop in the insulin sensitivity and accelerating the weight gain and other weight related complications High prevalence of Vitamin D is associated with the obese children in comparison to non-obese children. The remedy is external supply of Vitamin D to prevent deficiency and not weight loss. Because vitamin D is not the reason behind weight loss, it decreases the insulin sensitivity. All the three papers led to the same direction. They claimed that vitamin D deficiency is an important marker for obesity. However, it is not directly related to weight gain. Drop in the concentration of vitamin D cause increase in pro-inflammatory response followed by deficiency in insulin sensitivity. Decrease in insulin sensitivity causes diabetes mellitus leading to weight gain. Studies though conducted on women or children show that effect of vitamin D deficiency is significant in diverse age group. Three studies showed partially different output from the study due to the different in the focused group undertaken in the study. In study conducted by Importance of Vitamin and Obesity Vitamin D is an important factor for the proper skeletal development. However, it has been found that Vitamin D is highly deficient among the obese people, the condition is same both among the women, men and children. However, external supply of Vitamin D has no direct relation with the weight loss regime. However, external supply of Vitamin D has been found to increase the sensitivity towards insulin. Increase in the tolerance of insulin is the principal cause behind the occurrence of the Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is regarded as a life style disease and is a driving force behind obesity(Mandrup, 2013). Vitamin D thus decreasing the susceptibility towards diabetics mellitus in turn reduce the chance of developing or gaining weight(Mandrup, 2013). However, Vitamin D though not related directly with the obesity but must be treated in active consideration. This is due to the fact thatdeficiency of Vitamin D is associated with the increase in the concentration of the inflammatory mediators in the body and enhanced level of systemic inflammation in blood. Increase in the pro-inflammatory mediators lead to the increase in the level of hypersensitivity response leading to complications. Vitamin D is the main contributor towards the bone development so decrease in the Vitamin D in blood as a result of obesity may lead to generation of fragile bone and at times it may affect in teeth (Mason et al., 2014; Turer, Lin Flores, 2013; Reyman et al., 2014) Opinion about the Articles As per my current understanding, all of the three review papers,I am convinced that there is a direct link between obesity and vitamin D deficiency across the age bracket.I alsounderstood thatVitamin D supplementation is crucial for the obese person.The authors here looked for the right and appropriate papers to perform cross-sectional analysisvia random sampling. They also have stringently cited recent studies focusing the role of Vitamin D in obesity. All the important and relevant studies that have been conducted in this particular field are included in these research papers and are clearly discussed in a collated manner. All the important outcomes, which are associated with the decreased level of VitaminD in theblood are considered in detail.The limitations of the studies are, they do not compare the effect of vitamin D supplementation on obese children and adult individuals. The papers also failed to ascertain the independent effect of Vitamin D apart from weight loss interventi on. The papers also overlooked the effect of other hormones and biomarkers in insulin activity during obesity.These limitations can be overcomed via performing a comparative study of dealing with the effect of vitamin D supplementation on obese children and adultperson while keeping all other biomarkers (related to insulin activity) into consideration.The casual link between vitamin D deficiency and already been established in all the three papers.This relationship or rather finding is extremely helpful for the screening of obese children who are suffering from skeletal malfunction. It is also helpful to promote the weight loss regime for postmenopausal obese women.However, further research must be undertaken in order to understand common link between supplementation of vitamin and weight loss.Manson et al., 2014 however has stated that there is no direct relation of vitamin D with weight loss but they overlooked the effect of other biomarkers and hence research must be undertaken t o refine and support this finding further. Scientifically Justified Arguments According to Reyman et al., vitamin obesity is associated with childhood obesity this was again proved in the paper of Drincic, Armas, Diest Heaney, 2012. According to it cutaneously synthesized and ingested vitamin D in obese patients explains their low level of vitamin D.These findings, was further strengthened by Turer, Lin Flores, 2013. So the deficiency of vitamin D is an established fact in obesity. In the paper, Mason, Xiao, Imayama, Duggan, Wang, Korde McTiernan, 2014, vitamin D supplementation do not increase the weight loss but increases the chances on reducing weight. However, a paper published in the year 2012 by Rosenblum et al., stated that vitamin D when supplemented with calcium promotes the decrease in the accounting of visceral adipose tissue in obese individuals. This variance in the study response may be attributed due to the use of calcium with vitamin D or difference in the focused group people or the diet chart they followed. References: Beydoun, M. A., Boueiz, A., Shroff, M. R., Beydoun, H. A., Wang, Y., Zonderman, A. B. (2010). Associations among 25-hydroxyvitamin D, diet quality, and metabolic disturbance differ by adiposity in adults in the United States.The Journal of Clinical economics Metabolism,vol. 95(8), pp. 3814-3827.https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-0410 Dimitri, P., Wales, J. K., Bishop, N. (2010). Fat and bone in children: differential effects of obesity on bone size and mass according to fracture history.Journal of Bone and Mineral Research,25(3), 527-536.10.1359/jbmr.090823 Gagnon, C., Lu, Z. X., Magliano, D. J., Dunstan, D. W., Shaw, J. E., Zimmet, P. Z., ... Daly, R. M. (2012). Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with increased risk of the development of the metabolic syndrome at five years: results from a national, population-based prospective study (The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study: AusDiab).The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism,vol. 97(6), pp. 1953-1961. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-3187 Harel, Z., Flanagan, P., Forcier, M., Harel, D. (2011). Low vitamin D status among obese adolescents: prevalence and response to treatment.Journal of Adolescent Health,vol. 48(5), pp. 448-452.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.01.011 Holick, M. F. (2006, March). High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health.InMayo Clinic Proceedings(Vol. 81, No. 3, pp. 353-373).Elsevier. Holick, M. F. (2007). Vitamin D deficiency.N Engl j Med,2007(357), 266-281. Mai, X. M., Chen, Y., Camargo Jr, C. A., Langhammer, A. (2012).Cross-sectional and prospective cohort study of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and obesity in adults: the HUNT study.American journal of epidemiology,vol. 175(10), pp. 1029-1036.https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr456 Mandrup-Poulsen, T. (2013). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Dermatologic clinics,vol. 31(3), pp. 495-506. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2013.04.006 Mason, C., Xiao, L., Imayama, I., Duggan, C., Wang, C. Y., Korde, L., McTiernan, A. (2014). Vitamin D3 supplementation during weight loss: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition,vol. 99(5), pp. 1015-1025.doi:10.3945/?ajcn.113.073734 Mason, C., Xiao, L., Imayama, I., Duggan, C., Wang, C. Y., Korde, L., McTiernan, A. (2014). Vitamin D3 supplementation during weight loss: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition,vol. 99(5), pp. 1015-1025. DOI: : 10.3945/ajcn.113.073734 Mora, J. R., Iwata, M., Von Andrian, U. H. (2008). Vitamin effects on the immune system: vitamins A and D take centre stage.Nature reviews. Immunology,vol. 8(9), pp. 685. Olson, M. L., Maalouf, N. M., Oden, J. D., White, P. C., business-law, M. R. (2011).Vitamin D deficiency in obese children and its relationship to glucose homeostasis.The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism,97(1), 279-285. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-1507 Reyman, M., Stuart, A. V., Van Summeren, M., Rakhshandehroo, M., Nuboer, R., De Boer, F. K., ...Schipper, H. S. (2014). Vitamin D deficiency in childhood obesity is associated with high levels of circulating inflammatory mediators, and low insulin sensitivity.International journal of obesity,vol. 38(1), pp. 46. doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.75 Reyman, M., Stuart, A. V., Van Summeren, M., Rakhshandehroo, M., Nuboer, R., De Boer, F. K., ...Schipper, H. S. (2014). Vitamin D deficiency in childhood obesity is associated with high levels of circulating inflammatory mediators, and low insulin sensitivity.International journal of obesity,vol. 38(1), pp. 46. DOI: 0307-0565/14 Turer, C. B., Lin, H., Flores, G. (2013).Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among overweight and obese US children.Pediatrics,vol. 131(1), pp. e152-e161. Turer, C. B., Lin, H., Flores, G. (2013).Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among overweight and obese US children.Pediatrics,131(1), e152-e161. DOI doi:10.1542/peds.2012-1711 Vimaleswaran, K. S., Berry, D. J., Lu, C., Tikkanen, E., Pilz, S. (2013). Causal Relationship between Obesity and Vitamin D Status: Bi-Directional Mendelian.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001383 Wortsman, J., Matsuoka, L. Y., Chen, T. C., Lu, Z., Holick, M. F. (2000).Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity.The American journal of clinical nutrition,vol. 72(3), pp. 690-693. Zittermann, A., Frisch, S., Berthold, H. K., Gtting, C., Kuhn, J., Kleesiek, K., ...Koerfer, R. (2009). Vitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markers.The American journal of clinical nutrition,vol. 89(5), pp. 1321-1327.10.3945/?ajcn.2008.27004 Drincic, A. T., Armas, L. A., Diest, E. E., Heaney, R. P. (2012). Volumetric dilution, rather than sequestration best explains the low vitamin D status of obesity.Obesity,vol. 20(7), pp. 1444-1448.