Family Structure and Support Issues in the US and the Egypt Essay

Family Structure and Support Issues in the US and the Egypt - Essay Example Therefore, these two social orders have various settings for marriage. In Egypt, marriage has stayed to be an implicit understanding between two individuals from the other gender without thinking little of the spot of polygamy (Amos and Howard 2). Then again, marriage in the USA can be characterized as the relationship between two gatherings of the equivalent or either sex. Separation in Egypt ruins one of their social standings while in the USA one gets saw like a legend (Abrams 61). All things considered, separate from exists in both societies. American culture got made out of a blend of individuals, the lion's share being Christians, this gets prove by the national occasions of the USA and furthermore in the national song of devotion. Egypt, then again, is shaped by a lion's share of Muslims. Religion oversees a people's political, monetary, legitimate and individual lives (Wertenbruch 43). The American culture is in this manner a greater amount of the German culture than it is of the Egyptian culture since Germany got established on a Christian religion. There are various likenesses among, German and American societies. In the first place music, legends, dressing and writing are completely partnered with one another. Furthermore, the two likewise share esteems and standards (Lepenies 39). The American worth framework got established on speculation beyond what some other nation it very well may be portrayed by, effectiveness, tidiness and neatness, volunteer-boat and genuineness. Egypt on her side maintains a worth framework described by uprightness, straightforwardness, solidarity, and hard work.... Separation in Egypt ruins one of their social standing while in the USA one get saw like a saint (Abrams 61). In any case, separate from exists in the two social orders. Question 3 American culture got made out of a blend of individuals, larger part being Christians, this get prove by the national occasions of the USA and furthermore in the national song of praise. Egypt, then again, is framed by a larger part of Muslims. Religion administers a people's political, monetary, lawful and individual lives (Wertenbruch 43). The American culture is in this manner a greater amount of the German culture than it is of the Egyptian culture since Germany got established on a Christian religion. There are various similitudes among, German and American societies. In the first place music, legends, dressing and writing are totally associated to one another. Furthermore, the two additionally share esteems and standards (Lepenies 39). The American worth framework got established on venture beyond wh at some other nation it tends to be described by, productivity, tidiness and neatness, volunteer-boat and genuineness. Egypt on her side maintains a worth framework described with trustworthiness, straightforwardness, solidarity, and difficult work. Question 4 A common society has no state religion. A common society is heterogeneous and profoundly individualistic. Measurements show that America has all religions comprehensive of nonbelievers. A holy society on the opposite is one that has a state religion and is essentially homogeneous, ideal instances of hallowed social orders are Vatican and Madina (Allen 77). During the hour of removing Hussein Mubarak, all individuals in Egypt partook however because of the degree of religion ladies live with denied opportunity. For example, ladies can't settle on choices for themselves even unto a lifetime mate in marriage. To elucidate the degree of religion in Egypt is the

Summary of Management Consultancy

Part 1: OVERVIEW OF MANAGEMENT CONSULTANCY SERVICES BY CPAs Introduction to the World of Consulting * Consultants are not all CPAs. Anybody can be an advisor. Nonetheless, to thrive in consultancy, one must have the ability. The most convincing nonmonetary reasons individuals enter the counseling field are: 1. Sharing their insight to support their customers. 2. Building business system and make a stride up in one’s corporate vocation. 3. Having no chief, being autonomous and settling on their own choices. 4. No dread of being laid off. 5. Having an adaptable wellspring of salary. 6. A methods for offering back to the network by giving ability and help with network based tasks. Advancement of MAS The essential factors that added to the rise and development of the executives consultancy are: 1. Development in size and multifaceted nature of business. 2. Trouble in leading and dealing with a business. 3. More prominent rivalry among organizations with the goal that new administration procedures should be applied. 4. Acknowledgment of the significance of exact and opportune data in dynamic. 5. Failure to have a total line-up of expert administration. Creating Trends Management consultancy presently spends significant time in data frameworks, computerized workplaces, monetary examination and displaying planning and cost controls, association structures, staff remuneration, key arranging and a large group of different territories. * Another pattern has been the improvement of business instruction. * The quality undergrad and graduate projects in business are deliverin g better-prepared contestants into the positions of the board counseling calling. Because of this imbuement, the executives counseling is turning into an impetus for progression of better administration ideas and methods. Innovative advancements have happened at a stunning pace in such zones as data sciences and choice sciences. * Computer equipment and programming, along with information correspondence and mechanical technology speak to amazing assets for business the board. Future Prospects A veteran administration advisor makes the accompanying forecasts: 1. The board counseling will turn out to be much progressively particular. 2. The consultant’s direction will be towards being a knowledge supplier, maker and sharer of data. 3. The executives counseling firms will tend either to stay little or to turn out to be very enormous. Little firma will thrive by centering upon tight regions of specialization while enormous firms should create and offer a wide scope of administrations to support their significant expenses of tasks. 4. As advisors develop in number, they will grow increasingly modern methods for advertising their administrations. 5. Brilliant alumni of bookkeeping, the board and business colleges will keep on being pulled in to vocations in the executives counseling. The Consulting Industry Most meanings of consultancy would include: . Data innovation 2. Counseling and framework reconciliation 3. Corporate procedure 4. Activities the board 5. HR the board 6. Re-appropriating The Main Types of Consultant Firms 1. IT Firms (for instance, IBM’s acquisition of PwC Consulting) †to expand income 2. Bookkeeping firms offering consultancy 3. Major Consulting Only Firms 4. Independents Professional bodies, for example, PICPA offer proficient preparing and accreditation and give a discussion to immeasurably significant systems administration. Profession in Consulting Firms (in rising request of position) 1. Investigator †liable for social event data and handling it for the counseling group. 2. Experts †attempt the assessment of the customer business and make proposals for its benefit. 3. Senior Consultant or Managers †progressively experienced advisors that have the duty of driving a counseling group. †would regularly have 3-5 years of counseling experience. †would be progressively associated with managing individuals from the customer group. 4. Business Development Managers †are liable for building up the firm’s items and building its relationship with customers. would be associated with some enormous, complex counseling ventures at a key level. †most would have 5-10 years of counseling experience. 5. Executives (or Partners) †are the most experienced specialists, who assume on liability for the advancement of the association all in all and who lead its vital turn of events. †would keep up contacts with senior faculty in the customer organizations and would have by and large duty regarding ventures. †would have 10+ long stretches of counseling experience. Nature of MAS by Independent Accounting Firms The executives Advisory Services (MAS) by free bookkeeping firms can be portrayed as the capacity of giving proficient warning (counseling) benefits, the basic role of which is to improve the client’s utilization of its abilities and assets to accomplish the goals of the association. The executives Consultancy can likewise be portrayed as a free and target warning assistance gave by qualified people to customers so as to assist them with distinguishing and break down administration issues and openings. 2 kinds of experiences with customers: . Discussion giving guidance and data during a brief timeframe outline. The exhortation will be conclusive when the specialist is completely mindful of the circumstance and has adequate skill to require increasingly escalated examination or examination. 2. Commitment comprises of that type of the board warning or counseling administration in which a scientific methodology and procedure is applied in an investigation or venture. This methodo logy ordinarily includes: a. Learning the appropriate realities and conditions b. Looking for and recognizing targets c. Characterizing the issue or open door for development d. Assessing and deciding the potential arrangements e. Present discoveries and proposals f. Executing the arrangement, if proper And following the client’s choices to continue, the autonomous bookkeeping firm may likewise be associated with: a. Arranging and booking activities to accomplish the ideal outcomes, and b. Prompting and giving specialized help with executing In mix with information and involvement with so much zones as: a. Association and the board techniques b. Office and the executives capacities c. Frameworks and techniques d. Information handling techniques e. Quantitative strategies f. Budgetary administration To deliver arrangements, for example, * An administration data framework * A business revealing framework * A cost bookkeeping framework * A work estimation program * Improved creation control * An association plan with proclamations of obligations and duties, or * An electronic information preparing framework Rationale of Using Management Consultants An administration specialist is recruited for at any rate four significant reasons: 1. Free Viewpoint This empowers him to see the genuine idea of the issues and recognize possible and infeasible arrangements. Since, he isn't associated with the inside arrangements of his customers, his recommendations are viewed as fair. 2. Proficient Advisor and Counselor Business firms for the most part incline toward CPA specialists as a result of their scholarly preparing and assessment necessity for the CPA authentication. 3. Brief Professional Service The utilization of specialists will be most likely more affordable to the organization than recruiting new supervisors or workers to offer proficient warning types of assistance. . Specialist of Change In giving answers for the client’s issue, changes may must be made to the authoritative structures, to methods and to work obligations. Autonomous Accounting Firm’s Role in MAS â€Å"To give counsel and specialized help which ought to accommodate customer cooperation in the explanatory methodology and procedure. Determining this as t he best possible job perceives both the proper spot of MAS and the real factors of training. This is the main premise on which the work should allow it to be finished. * The bookkeeping firm ought to abstain from settling on the executives choices or taking places that may debilitate the firm’s objectivity. CPA’s Objective in Engaging in MAS â€Å"To use the fundamental capabilities it has accessible to give counsel and specialized help which will empower customer the board to direct its issues all the more successfully. † Essential Qualifications: 1. Specialized fitness 2. Commonality with the client’s account and control frameworks and his business issues. 3. Scientific capacity and involvement with critical thinking. 4. Proficient freedom, objectivity and respectability.

Epistemology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Epistemology - Essay Example By being â€Å"in the head†, do we mean, for example, that what we call the â€Å"mind† is in reality simply the cerebrum and therefore that what we call â€Å"mental states† are only the physical conditions of the mind? If so, we should then on a basic level have the option to tell a person’s contemplations basically by analyzing the physical conditions of their mind, however this is, if not totally unrealistic, a likelihood that in the short term is to the least extent liable to emerge. Or on the other hand maybe we imply that the psyche is some different option from the cerebrum however in some extraordinary manner is identified with the cerebrum, similar to that it is through the mind that the brain influences our practices. Be that as it may, what sort of element is the psyche, if at all it is a substance, on the off chance that it isn't the mind? There are two general sorts of presence under which any origination of how the brain exists can be charac terized; to be specific, physical presence and powerful presence. By â€Å"physical existence† we mean the sort of presence that fits exact perception and quantitative estimations while by â€Å"metaphysical existence,† we mean the sort of presence that doesn't. ... For my motivation, I will concentrate on the realist perspectives on the psyche, for it is here where we can separate the psyche from the mind. As we will see later, there are varieties of this view, for there are various manners by which the psyche can be said to exist truly. Subsequently, I will analyze the essential cases and contentions under the realist perspective on the brain after tending to the primary issue of this paper, for example is the psyche only the cerebrum? The Materialist View The realist sees are isolated into non-pragmatist physicalism and pragmatist physicalism. The issue between these two kinds of realism concerns the truth of mental states according to the truth of the physical conditions of the mind or of the body: regardless of whether there truly are no psychological states and subsequently there are just these physical states or there truly are mental states notwithstanding these physical states. In like manner, non-pragmatist physicalism dismisses the pr esence of mental states and claims that there exist just the physical conditions of the cerebrum or of the body; while pragmatist physicalism asserts the truth of mental states notwithstanding the truth of the physical conditions of the mind. For non-pragmatist physicalism, I will inspect the perspectives on behaviorism and personality hypothesis. What's more, for pragmatist physicalism, I will look at the perspectives on functionalism and computationalism. Thereafter, I will introduce my own contention concerning which among the said contentions best demonstrate the idea of the mind’s presence. Behaviorism is for the most part viewed as the view that diminishes mental states to the physical conditions of the body or, all the more exactly, to the body’s practices (Kim 1998, p. 24-46). This view is likewise regularly communicated as the view that guarantees that psychological states are only

The Feelgud Company and Its Philosophy of Human Health

Feelgud, a Maryland based organization, is pulling back the entirety of its Headache Gone items following the announced instances of diseases in Illinois and different parts. This follows the company’s theory as respects to human health.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Feelgud Company and Its Philosophy of Human Health explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In an announcement, the organization CEO repeated the association was resolved to shield its picture by putting the premiums of the open first. Thus, the association is going to work with American Center for Disease Control to annihilate the item. The organization chose to pull back the item from the market following the detailed instances of genuine ailments, for example, casting a ballot, looseness of the bowels and general body shortcoming. It ought to be clarified to the open that the item experienced broad testing and logical research before being permitted to enter the market. Bes ides, the item was permitted to exchange the American market subsequent to getting endorsement from the administrative office responsible for sedate authorizing. This is the reason the office is happy to enable the organization to screen the withdrawal of the item from the market. Client interests consistently manage the organization implying that the wellbeing of people in general is an esteemed issue in the organization. Despite the fact that genuine cases have not yet been accounted for, the organization chose to pull back the item to research the conceivable issue. It is conceivable that the nature of the item could have been undermined either at the creation site in Bangladesh or at the departmental stores inside the nation. The organization asks the general population to obliterate any item that may have been bought as of now before this declaration. It is in the country’s wellbeing records that the item was successful before its quality was undermined. This data is uph eld by the way that over 95% of residents, approximated at 170,000 utilized the item effectively implying that their needs were met. Because of improvements in innovation and the issue of globalization, numerous organizations can't follow the development of their items. Some fraudsters could have gained the innovation utilized in creating the medication. Besides, the substance of the item could have been tempered with thus, we encourage the organization to stay persistent as the organization, together with law masters, leave on a genuine examination. The discoveries of the examinations will be made public.Advertising Looking for exposition on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The organization wishes to tell the general population to be wary of any new changes in the item, including its belongings, naming, bundling, and conveyance channels. Prior to utilizing an item, guarantee that the name is that of the organization enrolled lawfully to appropriate or to exchange a specific item. Besides, people in general ought to know about any new changes as respects to bundling. At long last, guarantee that the item meets the expected reason. Should any client experience any impact, either negative or positive, guarantee that you report to the important specialists. In any case, never keep down your proposals. Attempt however much as could reasonably be expected to contact the assembling. For any explanations, people in general is asked to contact 1 800 555-2233 for additional explanations. The organization wishes to guarantee the open that the item will be back in the market however after intensive examinations. Any bother caused to general society is exceptionally lamented. We ask the general population to check persistently the press for additional data with respect to the item. We realize that the item has been fulfilling your need however your wellbeing is vital. You can too check the company’s site to familiarize yourself with significant data. This paper on The Feelgud Company and Its Philosophy of Human Health was composed and put together by client Sky J. to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Evolution Of Machines During World War 1 - Free Essay Example

World War 1 brought many innovations that will change the way we fight our wars for many years to come. From the tracer bullets to the tanks and u boats we start battling in air and sea also within the innovation of warfare we start losing mass amount of lives due to our innovation. In World War 1 sometimes they had to fight at night so to not fire the same place, they created tracer bullets which left a slight but yet noticeable trace in air which was somehow flammable. Even though the tracer bullets were advantageous to gunners and military strategies. Also with several disadvantage with enemy knowing where the bullets come from and pinpoint counted attacks. In 1915 the British army have developed the first tank called it the Mark I it would only move around 3 mph and had a small diesel engine. The only problem was that if the wheel in the back was knocked off the whole tank was practically immobilized. It would only move vertical couldnt move left nor right. The enemy would usually have an artillery gun and if you couldnt move you of course were helpless at that point. The Mark I was only 28 tons the guns differed by the gender of the tank. Male tanks have a six pounder gun in every position. Female tanks had two heavy Vickers in replacement for the six pounder. The driver was up front in the right secondary gears men and the commander were on the front left. The tanks helped change the tide of war mainly light tanks heavy tanks at first were difficult to maneuver. Tanks such as light combat tank ford model 1918 3 ton m1918 also the m1917 ton for the us, leitcher kampfwagen for Germany, Renault ft-17 for the French. Also the poison gas that was first introduced in World War 1 was chlorine gas in the battle of second Ypres in 1915. You couldnt aim properly if you first put the gas mask but was also introduced in ww1. Germans were the first to use chemical warfare as an advantage. The types of gas used during World War 1 were phosgene gas, mustard, and chlorine. For the symptoms to appear it would take usually 24 hours for it to be noticed .Phosgene was the main killer in World War 1 it produced 85% of the death in the first world war. Mustard gas was heavier than air and reason being they called it mustard gas was the foul smell it gave off resembling mustard with the color and smell. Usually it would be thrown into the trenches to force the enemy out of the trenches. Mustard gas caused severe blister and chemical burns on skin and lungs. Women also contributed to the war by nursing the wounded and taking over the jobs of the men. Women started improvising by disposing or making their undergarments washable. The French were the first to figure that clean absorbent bandages were far more superior to any other type of bandages. Red Cross nurses started supplying every nurse to have sanitary napkins. It was 5 times more absorbent than the standard bandages. The machine guns became a very powerful weapon during world war1 usually for one stationary machine gun it took 4-6 men. They would put it behind a barrier and while they were shooting the rest of the mens were putting ammunition into the belt feeder while the gunner was shooting a single machine gun can fire up to 600 rounds a minute. One of the machine guns used in World War 1 were the mg15nA it was first developed in the German empire. Its magazine included 100/200 and utilized a bipod which is used to provoke accurate fire. Also putting two powerful weapons (during the time) merging them together would benefit the army greatly. General George Patton was the first to put a machine gun in a vehicle. He put a Vickers machine gun into an automobile vehicle it injured more than 25% of Mexicos militia during the time being. On June 7 1912 captain Charles de forest chandler put a machine gun on a plane and demonstrated in a brief flight it went to 50 mph out of the 50 bullets fired 45 hit the necessary target what was supposed to be hit. The machine gun was light enough to be carried by a low powered aircraft.

Whats the Best Advise you Have Ever Received - 275 Words

Whats the Best Advise you Have Ever Received (Essay Sample) Content: Your nameInstructorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameCourseDateWhatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s the best advice you have ever received?Life is a long and arduous journey. During this journey we sometimes have good experiences and sometimes truly horrendous ones; a good learning experience, well, at least for some of us. We meet people who leave their mark on our very souls. Others, we wish we could leave a mark on their faces. Pun intended. Others guide, others mislead; you know who I am talking about. The fun ones. Then comes along an individual with whom a few words make you see things in a completely different way. My individual came along when I literary felt my soul dying.A story was imparted in regards to grappling with career identity which closely resembled my own and I suspect many others. A problem that was the sole source of my raging inner conflict. Every morning once my alarm blared, I would turn it off then just lie there and weigh the pros and cons of why I should go to work. The pros (bills, bills, more bills) always outweighed the cons due to a crippling fear of the unknown. That was basically the only motivation I had to soldier on to work. A constant cloud of misery and un-fulfillment shadowed me every day.... Whats the Best Advise you Have Ever Received - 275 Words Whats the Best Advise you Have Ever Received (Essay Sample) Content: Your nameInstructorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameCourseDateWhatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s the best advice you have ever received?Life is a long and arduous journey. During this journey we sometimes have good experiences and sometimes truly horrendous ones; a good learning experience, well, at least for some of us. We meet people who leave their mark on our very souls. Others, we wish we could leave a mark on their faces. Pun intended. Others guide, others mislead; you know who I am talking about. The fun ones. Then comes along an individual with whom a few words make you see things in a completely different way. My individual came along when I literary felt my soul dying.A story was imparted in regards to grappling with career identity which closely resembled my own and I suspect many others. A problem that was the sole source of my raging inner conflict. Every morning once my alarm blared, I would turn it off then just lie there and weigh the pros and cons of why I should go to work. The pros (bills, bills, more bills) always outweighed the cons due to a crippling fear of the unknown. That was basically the only motivation I had to soldier on to work. A constant cloud of misery and un-fulfillment shadowed me every day....

The Death Penalty And Capital Punishment - 1223 Words

Capital punishment has been a debated issue for many years and is commonly thought to be only sought out upon by extremists. Henceforth, the death penalty has been extremely problematic and widely disputed issue for centuries. Since the start of civilization, individuals who commit a criminal act have been subjected to capital punishment. The punishment itself is carried out in the most humane way possible; thusly, the issue is whether the citizens accept it as a sensible punishment. In contrast, the citizens criticize the governmental bodies that partake in the non-moral act. Even though capital punishment has become, to a greater extent, less gruesome. This form of punishment has evolved from beheadings to the electric chair, and now lethal injection. A couple of common supporting arguments that death penalty commentators often voice is that it saves money, lives, and is a just cause from a moral standpoint. Subsequently, this leads to the benefits of the death penalty outweighing the negative counterparts. Provided that one of the main arguments that supporters of the death penalty make is that it would decrease the inmate populations. In light of, this would help the criminal inmate overcrowding problem that the country currently faces. An article that supports the death penalty provides the statistics that â€Å"over the course of a year, 13.5 million people spend time in jail or prison, and 95% of them eventually return to our communities† (9Gleissner). This statisticShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1482 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. McElmoyl 12/12/14 Capital Punishment As stated by former governor of New York, Mario M. Cuomo, Always I have concluded the death penalty is wrong because it lowers us all; it is a surrender to the worst that is in us; it uses a power- the official power to kill by execution- that has never brought back a life, need inspired anything but hate. (Cuomo 1) This is one of the main arguments against capital punishment (also known as the death sentence.) Capital punishment is the ability for a governmentRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Capital Punishment931 Words   |  4 Pageswritten down (Robert). The death penalty was applied for a particularly wide range of crimes. The Romans also used death penalty for a wide range of offenses. Historically, the death sentence was often handled with torture, and executions, except that it was done in public. In this century, the death penalty, execution or capital punishment, whatever you’d like to refer it as, is the result for committing capital crimes or capital offences and it is not in public. The death penalty has been practiced byRead MoreCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1410 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment in America In 1976 the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled the Death Penalty constitutionally permissible. The debate over capital punishment has always been a topic of great controversy. Before the Supreme Court ruling in 1976 America had been practicing capital punishment for centuries. At the current time some states enforce the death penalty, while some do not. There are differences of opinion’s relating to whether or not the death penalty is the proper wayRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty991 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punishment Imagine your having a normal morning, eating breakfast doing your normal routine. Suddenly your phone rings and when you answer you hear the worst news possible. One of your family members has just been murdered in cold blood. You cry, mourn, then become angry. You attend the court hearing and you sit less than 20 feet away from the murderer. Do you truly believe this person deserves to live? Or should they face a punishment that is equal to their crime? Some may say CapitalRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Capital Punishment1569 Words   |  7 Pagesthe death penalty also referred to as capital punishment. The death penalty is both useless and harmful to not only criminals but also their potential victims. This paper uses these horrific facts to try and convince the reader that the death penalty should be done away with before it is too late, although that time may have already come. With supporting evidence to support my cause, I hope that the following information sways at least one reader to see the harm of keeping the death penalty an activeRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1235 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is capital punishment? Why do people support it, but yet people cherish lives? Is it a moral thing to do? Should one be for or against the Death Penalty? Let’s take a look deep into the world of justices and why capital punishment still exists in today’s society. Capital punishment or the death penalty is a feder al punishment given to criminals who are convicted of murders. It is the highest law punishment available that can prevent future murders by developing fear within them. Capital punishmentRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1017 Words   |  5 PagesName: Lucas Falley Topic: Capital Punishment Background: Capital punishment, or the death penalty, has existed for thousands of years. For as long as there has been organized society, the death penalty has existed in numerous cultures and civilizations. Throughout the years the methods have changed, but the use of capital punishment is becoming a pressing matter. Amnesty International reports that there are 140 countries worldwide that have abolished the death penalty, while over 50 countries stillRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is A Capital Punishment1271 Words   |  6 Pages What is the death penalty? The death penalty is a capital punishment that is punishable by death or execution. This is usually given to people that have committed serious offences or capital crimes. There are 31 states in the United States that are for the death penalty. Crimes that are punishable by the death penalty, vary from state to state. Examples of such crimes are; first degree murder or premeditated murder, murder with special circumstances, such as: intende d, multiple, and murder whichRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1539 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment, otherwise known as the death penalty, has been the center of debate for a long time. Capital punishment may be defined as the â€Å"[e]xecution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense† (Capital Punishment). Up until 1846, when Michigan became the first to abolish the death sentence, all states allowed legal practice of capital punishment by the government (States). Currently, there 32 states still supporting the death penalty and 18Read MoreThe Death Penalty Of Capital Punishment1480 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice system, such as the death penalty. Capital punishment has been used many times in history all around the world, and it was quite popular. Many people argue that capital punishment is useful in deterring crime and that it is only fair that criminals receive death as punishment for a heinous crim e. On the contrary, others see the death penalty as a violation of the 8th amendment. It restricts excessive fines, and it also does not allow cruel and unusual punishment to be inflicted upon criminals

History Of American Public Health - 1694 Words

Maliha Sultana History of American Public Health TA: Micah David McElroy December 15, 2015 The Mad Gone Mad†¦or Just Gone The late nineteenth century saw a tide of immigrants entering the American borders who were no longer considered an effective work force. Rather, these newcomers were perceived as threats to the American population as they were considered responsible depleting jobs, housing, and other resources. With the simultaneous rise of insane asylums, professionals increasingly targeted mentally ill immigrants as scapegoats for larger social and economic problems. This paper attempts to examine the manner in which professionals used the language of mental illness to redefine immigrants as threats to national prosperity, thereby lending â€Å"scientific† support to deportation policies that jeopardized both the place of immigrants in American society and, unintentionally, the nation’s economy. Public health officials were highly responsible for the suggestion that the rise in immigrants was directly correlated to the increase in insanity in America. In 1907, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) published an article in which the unknown author begins by insisting that â€Å"furnish an undue proportion† of the insane in the American population. The author’s use of the word â€Å"undue† implies seem an injustice was done to the Americans as immigrants used more of the nation’s mental health resources. Similarly, the word â€Å"furnish† illustrates that immigrants wereShow MoreRelatedTuskegee1630 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ The Tuskegee Research Study on Syphilis Stephan J. 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Although the homeless population has always maintained in the United States, homelessness became a national issue in 1870 with the emergence of the â€Å"tramp†: these were men that banded together, rode trains illegally and had negative interactions with law enforcement (2001). The movement of the homeless fromRead MoreNursing And Public Health Nursing1537 Words   |  7 PagesName three historical nursing leaders and explain how their contributions impacted community/public health nursing. When it comes to nursing, there have been and are a number of individuals that have made a difference in nursing and have made a positive impact on nursing itself. Some of these impacts are still around and used today. There were a number of nurses who made a positive impact and made a difference in the lives of others and have saved lives as well. Without these nurses, hospitals andRead MoreThe History of Public Health and the Role of the Community/Public Health Nurse1136 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: PUBLIC HEALTH AND ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE 1 PUBLIC HEALTH AND ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE 2 The History of Public Health and the Role of the Community/Public Health Nurse When considering the evolution of healthcare and the role of the nurse in the United States, many people might first consider this in the context of the hospital setting. While the history of acute care is an important area to consider, it is imperative that equal attention be givenRead MoreCenters for Disease Control and Prevention629 Words   |  3 PagesCDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Weam Khadim PBHE501-American Public University May 21, 2013 Dr. Shalah Watkins-Bailey Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Center for Disease Control and Prevention is a national public health federal agency under Department of Health and Human Services headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. It is division of Department of Health and Human Services responsible for managing national programs for control and prevention of communicable diseasesRead MoreThe Unique City Of Massachusetts State1230 Words   |  5 Pagesterrain, environments, customs, cultures, and the nature of the locals. Massachusetts State is one of the most American states known at all, where it played a significant historic role in the history of the United States. Perhaps the other States did not play it. So It is considered that it was - and remains - a major center for continuous stimulation for the development and progress of the American community. Massachusetts state is located in the far northeast of the United States, overlooking the AtlanticRead MorePublic Health Nursing History1148 Words   |  5 PagesVisiting home health nurses are a well-known profession and becoming more popular as time grows. The service of public health nursing was carried out on the frontier by nurses under the name of â€Å"Visiting nurse services† which were part of the late 19th century health reform out of ‘The Henry Street House’ in 1893, as discussed in the film â€Å"Nursing in America – A History of Social Reform†. They held many roles outside of nursing, those roles and missions and struggles will be discussed. The HenryRead MoreVaccines : A More Influential Achievement Than The Development Of The Last Century1589 Words   |  7 Pages If you were to question any public health professional as to what the greatest biomedical achievement of the last century was, they would likely struggle to find a more influential achievement than the development of vaccines. The struggling breaths of whooping cough, the horrendous birth defects caused by rubella, and the clunky braces used by children paralyzed by polio, all are only thought of as occurrences of the past by many Americans. Many find it hard to believe that less than

Essay on Military Women Should NOT Be Allowed in Combat...

In late 1990 and early 1991, thousands of American women marched off to the desert sands of the Middle East to serve in a war that brought women closer to combat than ever before. Although restricting women from occupying military jobs that would put them into direct contact with the enemy can be interpreted as a form of sex discrimination, as a female veteran of Operation Desert Storm, I believe that the restriction should remain as it is. Lifting this ban would not be a strategic move for the United States. Socially, our country is unprepared to allow women on the front lines because of situations involving sexual harassment, prisoners of war, mothers marching off to combat, and female draftees. Sexual harassment is†¦show more content†¦These civilian liberalists, who will probably never have to fight in war themselves, claim that by allowing women to choose to serve in direct combat, men will gradually come to see them as equals and learn to respect all women. This new respect, activists say, will start in the military and spill over into the civilian world, which will virtually eliminate all sexual harassment. Sexual harassment, however, is likely to increase rather than decrease for those women on the battlefield. Something happens to people in combat; a change takes place. Because of the rage and fear these combatants experience as they kill and avoid being killed, they may sometimes regress to some primal state of being. Men, who have believed all of their lives that to kill another human being is to commit a mortal sin, regress to this primal state because they are forced to hunt a new game-non-American homo sapiens-and are themselves being hunted. In this kill-or-be-killed state of mind, these men then act upon every savage urge and impulse. They can no longer comply with social restraint. Women fighting beside these men may be seen as sources of sexual release, and battle fatigued men may believe that they have the right to force themselves on these women. Those who believe that murder is no longer immoral will also believe the same about rape. While some men who regress into this savage state of mind may prey upon women, other menShow MoreRelatedIntegration of Women into the Armed Forces Essay2103 Words   |  9 Pages    Todays military includes women who train at boot camps, serve on warships and fly combat planes. Women currently represent fifteen percent of military personnel, and their presence is increasing among new recruits, up twenty-five percent in the A ir Force. Among officers and enlisted personnel, fifty five percent, or 107, 733 women report some form of sexual harassment. Recent accusations of sexual misconduct against drill sergeants at the Aberdeen Proving Ground, and a separate caseRead MoreSegregation and Discrimination in the United States Military During World War Two10166 Words   |  41 PagesSegregation and Discrimination in the United States Military during World War Two | | | | 5/3/2010 | | Segregation and Discrimination in the United States Military during World War Two Thesis: Although the U.S. military has been a leader in desegregation and in other social matters, during World War Two fear and prejudice keep many highly qualified people from serving. This weakened every branch of the military by limiting it to a less diverse and therefore less flexible fightingRead MoreHow Cryptography Is Defined As A Major Factor During Wars, And It Isn t Very Well Known3434 Words   |  14 Pagesthe mysterious profession that lives in the shadows of history. Espionage. Governments fear it, yet it is always a major factor during wars, and it isn’t very well known by the general public. Men and women throughout history who have fought in secret positions during wars, often placed into positions of great danger. Why were they willing to risk so much for their countries? Profit? Honor? Adrenaline? There are many aspects of the art of espionage, from the necessary grunt work of field agents toRead MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 Page sSTRATEGY SAFARI A GUIDED TOURTHROUGH THE WILDS OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT HENRY MINTZBERG BRUCE AHLSTRAND JOSEPH LAMPEL T H E FREE PRESS NEW YORK aJaiz. u.frmiu/i  «...* „.;i†¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢/ . †¢ . . †¢. »Ã¢â‚¬ ¢.. . .. †¢..†¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢.-.†¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢a/itiktSii^i THE FREE PRESS A Division of Simon Schuster Inc. 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020 Copyright  © 1998 by Henry Mintzberg, Ltd., Bruce Ahlstrand, and Joseph Lampel All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. THERead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesand Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1T 4LP. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: ( 44) 1865 843830, fax: ( 44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.co.uk. You may also complete yourRead MoreSecurity Forces51988 Words   |  208 PagesSECURITY FORCES APPRENTICE COURSE (SFAC) TECHNICAL TRAINING (TECH. TRNG.) STUDY GUIDE (SG) L3ABR3P031 0S1C BLOCK IV GROUND COMBAT SKILLS STUDY GUIDE Effective 17 February 2011 37 TRAINING WING 37 TRAINING GROUP 343 TRAINING SQUADRON LACKLAND AFB/ CAMP BULLIS â€Å"DOD Unclassified Controlled Nuclear Information (UCNI)† Designed for AETC Course Use, Not Intended For Use on the Job Opr: 343d Training Squadron/DORT DSN: 473-6008 SECURITY FORCES APPRENTICE COURSE (SFAC) TECHNICAL TRAININGRead MoreChallenges for Urban Local Governments in India46115 Words   |  185 Pagesor by any means without the prior permission in writing of the publisher nor be issued to the public or circulated in any form other than that in which it is published. Requests for permission to reproduce this Working Paper or any part thereof should be sent to the author, and to the editor at the address below: Asia Research Centre (ARC) London School of Economics Political Science Houghton Street London WC2A 2AE www.lse.ac.uk/collections/asiaResearchCentre Abstract Urban localRead MoreMilitary Culture6972 Words   |  28 PagesNational psyche and traits being the most pronounced ones. Military culture , to a certain extent , is in harmony with the national culture, however, it has its own impulses and dynamics. It incorporates obedience that curtails individual freedom or at times it may be at tangent with the socio-cultural values of a society ; Military culture of British – Indian Army ,as inherited by us is a case in point here. Philosophy of our present military outlets draws strength from history , organisational infrastructureRead MoreEssay on the Role of Women in Ancient Greece14417 Words   |  58 Pages1007/s10101-009-0059-x ORIGINAL PAPER â€Å"Rulers ruled by women†: an economic analysis of the rise and fall of women’s rights in ancient Sparta Robert K. Fleck  · F. Andrew Hanssen Received: 10 January 2008 / Accepted: 27 May 2008 / Published online: 20 March 2009  © Springer-Verlag 2009 Abstract Until modern times, most women possessed relatively few formal rights. The women of ancient Sparta were a striking exception. Although they could not vote, Spartan women reportedly owned 40 percent of Sparta’s agriculturalRead MoreStartup/Seed Stage Investment by Venture Capital12291 Words   |  50 Pagesventures have few hard assets. Usury laws limit the interest banks can charge on loans and the risks inherent in startup/seed ventures justify higher rates than allowed by law. Usually, in return for financing one to five years of a company’s start-up, venture capitalists expect a ten-fold return of capital. Combined with the preferred position and stock options this is a very high cost on capital. This equity investment is like a loan with a 60%+ annual compound interest rate that cannot be prepaid

A Feminist in Action in The Yellow Wallpaper - 1779 Words

The Yellow Wallpaper, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, depicts a woman in isolation, struggling to cope with mental illness, which has been diagnosed by her husband, a physician. Going beyond this surface level, the reader sees the narrator as a developing feminist, struggling with the societal values of the time. As a woman writer in the late nineteenth century, Gilman herself felt the adverse effects of the male-centric society, and consequently, placed many allusions to her own personal struggles as a feminist in her writing. Throughout the story, the narrator undergoes a psychological journey that correlates with the advancement of her mental condition. The restrictions which society places on her as a woman have a worsening†¦show more content†¦This attitude that the narrator possesses is demonstrated throughout the story by her refusal to confront her husband. Although she frequently disagrees with his prescription for treating her illness, she never openly questions his skills as a physician. She writes in her journal, Personally I disagree with [his] ideas...but what is one to do? (Gilman 577). This quotation epitomizes the inability of women in previous centuries to express their thoughts and feelings. The inability of the narrator to communicate her wishes and feelings is a recurring theme in the story. The lack of expression that the woman displays plays a key role in the worsening of her illness. The narrator tells her husband that she feels uneasy in the house, but his response is that her uneasiness is the result of a draught, and he will shut the window. In another instance, the narrator expresses her dissatisfaction with the yellow wallpaper, and all her husband can respond is, You know the place is doing you good... (Gilman 579). This response from the husband contributes to the building psychosis of the narrator. The woman does what she can to make her husband see her problems, but in the end this effort is in vain because he believes, as a physician, he knows what is best for her. As a result of this fact, the woman struggles to cope with her everyday life, which in actuality is leading herShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman And The Novel The Key By Junichiro Tanizaki1694 Words   |  7 Pageseyes of women, would we see the world a different way? Would we all be considered hysterical? Or would we just all be â€Å"normal†? In the short story The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins-Gilman and the novel The Key by Junichiro Tanizaki we see the metamorphosis of two women under two very different scenarios. The unnamed woman in The Yellow Wallpaper is stuck in a room where she transforms into a completely different soul. In The Key, the wife, Ikuko appears to also transition throughout the novelRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagesthat wallpaper as I did?† the woman behind the pattern was an image of herself. She has been the one â€Å"stooping and creeping.† The Yellow Wallpaper was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In the story, three characters are introduced, Jane (the narrator), John, and Jennie. The Yellow Wallpaper is an ironic story that takes us inside the mind and emotions of a woman suffering a slow mental breakdown. The narrator begins to think that another woman is creeping around the room behind the wallpaper, attemptingRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1271 Words   |  6 PagesCharlotte Perkins Gilman, author of the novel entitled, The Yellow Wallpaper significantly used the aspects of literature such as genre, stance, and register to express the social message concerning the sufferings that women undergo in their daily affairs. However, most of the females do not have control over the challenges that develop in their surroundings. Gilman also uses the book to entertain the society members thus providing relief to the readers. In essence, the author of the novel aboveRead More Comparing Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper; and Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour1097 Words   |  5 PagesComparing Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper and Kate Cho pins The Story of an Hour The Yellow Wallpaper;, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and The Story of an Hour;, by Kate Chopin, are alike in that both of the women in the stories were controlled by their husbands which caused them to feel an intense desire for freedom. Both stories were also written from a feminist point of view. However, the women in the stories had different life changes and different responses to theirRead More The Yellow Wallpaper as an Attack on Radical Feminism1139 Words   |  5 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper as an Attack on Radical Feminism  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† explores mental illness and, through this exploration, presents a critique of the place of women in a patriarchal society. Interestingly, Charlotte Perkins Gilman never intended the latter. The primary intent of her short story is to criticize of a physician prescribed treatment called rest cure. The treatment, which she underwent, required female patients to â€Å"’live as domestic a life as possible’† (Gilman)Read MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1547 Words   |  7 PagesCharlotte Perkins Gilman s career as a leading feminists and social activist translated into her writing as did her personal life. Gilman s treatment for her severe depression and feelings of confinement in her marriage were paralleled by the narrator in her shorty story, The Yellow Wallpaper. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in 1860 in Hartford, Connecticut. Her parents, Mary Fitch Perkins and Fredrick Beecher Perkins, divorced in 1869. Her dad, a distinguished librarian and magazine editorRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman699 Words   |  3 PagesCharlotte Perkins Gilman (July 3, 1860- August 17, 1935) was a feminist, sociologist, novelist, and writer. She started off selling soap bars door to door. She then moved to Pasadena and became part of the social reform movement. In 1896, she represented California as a delegate at the Suffrage Convention in Washington, D.C. and the International Socialist and Labor Congress in England. In 1890, Nationalism was introduced to Gilman. Her poem, â€Å"Similar Cases†, was published the Nationalist magazineRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman871 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1892, a short story by the name of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, a well-known author and feminist of the late 19th century. The story was initially inspired by her personal experiences and the actions that followed after. Although the story was correlated to actual events, many of the scenes described in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† prove to be exaggerated in comparison to the author’s experience. Similarly, the author and narrator of the story (who goes by no name)Read MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman Essay1687 Words   |  7 PagesImmediately in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† readers are able to tell that the protagonist feels trapped in the room, in which she is being placed. The female narrator also mentions to us that her husband â€Å"John is a physician, and perhaps –– (I would not say it to a living soul, of course, but this is dead paper and a great relief to my mind –– perhaps that is one reason I do not get well faster† (Ste tson 1892, 129). That is to say, this statement clearly indicates thatRead MoreYellow Wallpaper1673 Words   |  7 PagesSvetlana Kryzhanovskaya Prof. Grajeda ENC 3014-MidTerm Paper March 12, 2012 Structuralism amp; Feminist Theory ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ written by Charlotte Gilman can be affectively analyzed from two schools of thought structuralism and feminist theory. Though structuralists’ deny the work of literature any connection to its author (it must be what it is, no underlying meaning) feminist theory must first and foremost be understood in its historical framework. By the turn of the century, journals

Using Information Communication Technology -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Using Information Communication Technology? Answer: Introduction The Professional Issues in Information Technology are referred to ethical, social and legal aspects of the technology. The professional issues are important to understand as this is the major necessity for any information technology (Schwalbe 2015). These issues help to solve the problems of information technology and prevent any future risks that can occur. The purpose of this report is to focus on interpersonal and information technology-related issues of Information and Communication Technology. The outline of this report is to give detailed analysis of interpersonal issues of information technology in Part A and detailed analysis of IT-related issues of Information Technology in Part B. My goal for embarking on this type of degree that is Professional Issues in Information Technology is due to deep understanding of the issues in Information Technology. There are various known and unknown hazards to attack the Information System. Thus there is a need of developing deep knowledge on these attacks (Lloyd 2017). My goal was to prevent these risks from Information Technology in future scenario. The risk of data that can be hazardous for future operations, motivated me to embark on this degree which will help me to eliminate these risks. This degree of Professional Issues in Information Technology perfectly fit into my overall goal and motivation. The reason is that there are various risks including known and unknown, and Professional Issues in Information Technology which includes ethical, legal and social issues helps me to fulfill my goal (Sargolzaei and Nikbakht 2017). This degree will help me to develop strategies before any hazard can occur. The unit has helped me t o learn to identify and understand the personal and organizational application of Information Technology through professional codes. The degree also helped me to explore social, legal, ethical and business issues that Information Technology professionals has faced earlier and their mitigation strategies. This unit does not make me to re-evaluate my chosen degree and career path. This is because real life applications of wide range of issues helped me to understand the scenario of Professional Issues in Information Technology in a better way. My plans and aspirations changed a little because of what I have learnt in this unit (Aykin 2016). I realized that I have to work hard for analyzing and developing issues and solution respectively for issues in Information Technology. Thus, I have to deal with the real scenarios to understand the possibilities of hazards. The behaviors might be important for an ICT professional working in a group or team having people from different backgrounds such as diversity of skills, gender, age, religion and ethnicity. The behaviors are awareness of respect, duty, loyalty, self-organization, and integrity, adherence to ethical standards, compassion, competence and commitment (Galegher, Kraut and Egido 2014). ICT professional should respect every member of the group or team as it will help the professional and group or team to bond effectively. ICT professional must take follow his duty towards group or team to help them achieve overall goal and objective. The duty includes assessing team or group performance, imparting tasks to group or team and helping them to resolve their issues related to task. ICT professional should be loyal towards its team or group as loyalty results in trust. Thus trust between ICT professional and members in group or teamwill result in overall improvement in team or group performance. The self-organization of ICT professional helps to set definite and valuable practical ends, and practices among the team or group members. This results in better team work where each member is given work having equal importance (Bouras, Zainal and Abdulwahad 2016).The integrity behavior of ICT professional helps to make the team or group members as a whole unit who performs task collectively. The ICT professional should adhere to ethical standards that needs to be imparted to team or group members to work under ethical standards. The compassion and commitment collectively is important as it helps to make the team or group members actively participate in any task and assure commitment towards the task. The competing nature is important to encourage team or group members to do tasks in a better way. I will contribute to sound team performance by helping them to coordinate and work collectively but stating them to adhere to ethical standards. I could have helped them by imparting deep knowledge of sound performance to the team to perform better. I could have helped others in my team to perform better by encouraging them to do work and perform well. The responsibilities of ICT professional are categorized into six important responsibilities. The first one is to develop and design security devices, applications and software to ensure safety of customers products and services. The second one is to manage security and safety measures for information technology system within an organization for safety and security of business growth (Kerckaert,Vanderlinde and van Braak 2015). The third is to track, operate and upgrade information technology systems and network processes on a daily basis to prevent any future risks that can occur in an organization. The fourth is to conduct audit process for security and safety strategies purposes. The fifth is to manage accessibility to information technology system as per rules and regulations of an organization. The sixth is to maintain standard information technology system to follow security policies and procedures. The roles of ICT professional are business partners, advisors and facilitators. The ICTprofessional role as business partneris to understand the current and future prospects of business operations of an organization. The ICT professional role as advisor is to appreciate the different applications of information technology and help the ordinary users to understand the application.The ICT professional role as facilitator is to unlock the users creativity. These roles and responsibilities will help me in my future as people are no longer running behind computer geeks for solutions but they want professionals to who can develop solutions to any situations (Rodrguez-Miranda, Pozuelos-Estrada and Len-Jariego 2014). The organizations today want professional who can evaluate situations by analyzing real-life environment. The kind of changes that I feel have occurred to the way I perceive the work of ICT professionals during this unit is that I thought ICT professionals only have to analyze issues in information technology and have to do coding to solve the issues. I thought that ICT professional do not analyze outside environments of information technology and they only work on the issue by applying their technical skills. However, this unit described the ICT professionals working process by explaining that ICT professionals have to understand various layers of professional issues in information technology (Al-Saggaf, Burmeister and Schwartz 2017). They have to analyze every aspect of the issues so that nothing missed out. They have to do these processes under the adherence to ethical, legal and social standards. They have to understand the behavior of organization and employees to evaluate the possible solutions for professional issues. This unit changed my thinking in many ways. This unit showed me that ICT professionals role are not easy, it requires lot of understanding and focus. This unit also helped me to understand how ICT professionals should manage their work and team simultaneously. I learnt in this course that there are formal codes, ethics and professionalism, future prospects of professional issues of information technology that ICT professionals should follow (Safa, Von Solms and Furnell 2016).I have benefited in various ways through this unit. This unit benefits me by giving real life example and application of professional issues in technology in an organization to better understand the working of ICT professionals in industries. The first topic is Ethics. This topic analysis helps me to understand the different types of ethics associated with ICT and how they are categorized according to business purposes. The concern related to ethics is growing day-by-day in businesses due to unknown behavior and risks (McDermid 2015). The study on ethics is growing more importantly as there are needs of ICT professionals to help businesses to prevent ethical issues. The topic also helps me to understand the privacy affects in ICT and how it is perceived by different people in different areas. Privacy is an important aspect in every individuals action and business operations.The privacy issues should be addressed to get proper solutions. The topic helps me to get knowledge of what role ethics and privacy plays in an information system and how it impacts the information technology (Daz-Campo and Segado-Boj 2015). The overall Ethics topic impacted me in several ways. The topic has impacted me by making me realize that ethics is not a small area which needs less focus instead it should be deeply analyzed to eliminate its impact. I can now analyze what to do in case of any ethical issues occur or any privacy related issues in an organization in future. I can now use this ethical theories and privacy context to learn the tactics of mitigating Professional Issues in Information Technology. The second topic is triple threat leadership and charting ones career. This topic focuses on project and its various aspects, and how to plan ones career. This topic has impacted me in several ways. It helped me to understand how projects play an important role for any organization and how ICT professionals should perceive the project overview. The project should be developed with evaluating competencies (Sampson and Osborn 2015). It impacted me by making me understand how career is planned and how to make good goals and what actions are to be taken into account for career planning.The overall topic has impacted me by helping me to understand what is project and how career is planned. However the topic does not impact fully as project and career are not correlated and project development in terms of ICT professionals and Professional Issues in Information Technology is not described.The project description is not enough to understand the need of project in any Company. It impacts me up to an extent that project and career planning is important. However, it does not impact me as I already have little knowledge on this topic. An ICT professional needs to have deep knowledge on what project could benefit and how to plan a project for an organization. Career planning for an ICT professional should be done with consideration of many aspects (von Konsky, Jones and Miller 2014). The third topic is Professionalism in ICT. This topic is helps to understand what is the profession of ICT professionals and what qualities they have and what they deliver. They have to achieve their responsibilities by adhering to code of ethics. This topic impacts me in several ways. It impacted me in a way that I can understand what ICT profession has to go through. They require lot of understanding and potential to deliver their abilities to provide solution (Wheatley, Maillart and Sornette 2016). ICT professional growth in information technology industry is a long process. ICT professional not only follow technical aspects but also follows moral ethics and behavior to solve any problems. It impacted me in a way that ICT professional do not only look any problem from one perspective but they look it from different perspectives. ICT professional career has scope as their demand is huge in every sector. They are not bound to any one sector but they are available to different sector s. ICT professionals hold registered certificates which are valid across the globe and this proves that they have required knowledge to be able to solve problems in any sector (Bimrose, Kettunen and Goddard 2015). However ICT professional are bound to do any task or provide any solution ethically. They cannot go beyond any ethics. Ethics is an important part of an ICT professional. Thus ICT professional has ethics of his own behavior, workplace culture influence and professional ethics. The fourth topic is Organizational Information Security. This topic focuses on real-life data breaches that had happened from past few years and that are going currently. This topic helps to understand where the data breaches have occurred, causes of data breach, data breach consequences and measures taken to mitigate these risks. This topic helps me to understand what ICT professionals in different organizations do to prevent data breaches. This topic impacts me by helping me to know where data breaches have happen in past years and how much they affect organizations and customers. It impacted me by helping me to understand what ICT professionals have to look in any situation to provide solution to an organization. The data breach is a serious condition and it need to be looked upon (Romanosky, Hoffman and Acquisti 2014). ICT professionals have to look beyond their profession to solve this problems. This is because only organization is not involved in data breach condition but indiv idual customers are also related. Therefore, they have to solve their problem also. I am impacted by this topic as it shows me the real scenario of data breach in different organizations (Lee, Geng and Raghunathan 2016). Therefore, it is necessary for ICT professionals to understand what causes data breach to happen so frequently and how this can be eliminated. Conclusion Therefore, from above discussions it can be concluded that Professional Issues in Information Technology is important to understand. Interpersonal issues and IT-related issues are focused to describe an individuals opinion. The report focuses on interpersonal issues as it is required to get an understanding of an individuals thought on studying a particular unit and not a single topic. The interpersonal issues are developed through an individuals perspective of thinking. This is contrast to IT-related issues which focuses more on what an individual learned about the particular topic. Thus Professional Issues in Information Technology in this context helps to understand what the learning that I got from this unit is and what are the futures prospective. References Al-Saggaf, Y., Burmeister, O.K. and Schwartz, M., 2017. Qualifications and ethics education: the views of ICT professionals.Australasian Journal of Information Systems,21. Aykin, N. ed., 2016.Usability and internationalization of information technology. CRC Press. Bimrose, J., Kettunen, J. and Goddard, T., 2015. ICTthe new frontier? Pushing the boundaries of careers practice.British Journal of Guidance Counselling,43(1), pp.8-23. Bouras, A., Zainal, A.A. and Abdulwahad, M.S., 2016. Evolution of ICT industry landscape and its impact on higher education competencies. In15th International Conference on e-Learning e-Business, Enterprise Information Systems, and e-Government, EEE(Vol. 16). Daz-Campo, J. and Segado-Boj, F., 2015. Journalism ethics in a digital environment: How journalistic codes of ethics have been adapted to the Internet and ICTs in countries around the world.Telematics and Informatics,32(4), pp.735-744. Galegher, J., Kraut, R.E. and Egido, C., 2014.Intellectual teamwork: Social and technological foundations of cooperative work. Psychology Press. Kerckaert, S., Vanderlinde, R. and van Braak, J., 2015. The role of ICT in early childhood education: Scale development and research on ICT use and influencing factors.European Early Childhood Education Research Journal,23(2), pp.183-199. Lee, C.H., Geng, X. and Raghunathan, S., 2016. Mandatory Standards and Organizational Information Security.Information Systems Research,27(1), pp.70-86. Lloyd, I., 2017.Information technology law. Oxford University Press. McDermid, D., 2015.Ethics in ICT: an Australian perspective. Pearson Higher Education AU. Rodrguez-Miranda, F.P., Pozuelos-Estrada, F.J. and Len-Jariego, J.C., 2014. The role of ICT coordinator. Priority and time dedicated to professional functions.Computers Education,72, pp.262-270. Safa, N.S., Von Solms, R. and Furnell, S., 2016. Information security policy compliance model in organizations.computers security,56, pp.70-82. Sampson, J.P. and Osborn, D.S., 2015. Using information and communication technology in delivering career interventions.APA handbook of career intervention,2, pp.57-70. Sargolzaei, E. and Nikbakht, M., 2017. The Ethical and Social Issues of Information Technology: A Case Study.INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED COMPUTER SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS,8(10), pp.138-146. Schwalbe, K., 2015. Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P., 2016. Management information system. Pearson Education India. Romanosky, S., Hoffman, D. and Acquisti, A., 2014. Empirical analysis of data breach litigation. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 11(1), pp.74-104. vonKonsky, B.R., Jones, A. and Miller, C., 2014, January. Visualising career progression for ICT professionals and the implications for ICT curriculum design in higher education. InProceedings of the Sixteenth Australasian Computing Education Conference-Volume 148(pp. 13-20). Australian Computer Society, Inc.. Wheatley, S., Maillart, T. and Sornette, D., 2016. The extreme risk of personal data breaches and the erosion of privacy.The European Physical Journal B,89(1), p.7

Academic Electronic Record Systems †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Academic Electronic Record Systems. Answer: Introduction: One of the blessings bestowed by the technological innovations to the society has been the information and communication technology and it has found acceptance in almost all of the public service sectors including health care services. The introduction of the electronic health records have been by far the most revolutionary breakthrough for the field of health care and health informatics. Health information technology can be defined by the process that can collect, report, manage and transmit medical data and information of different patients and keep records of the performance of the health care professionals, and electronic health records are the tool that enables the health care facilities to achieve the same. EHRs are the computerized tools that can collect, process, store and present patient information generated by the encounters and activities in any of the care delivery settings, which has been considered as one of the most important tools n order to improve the quality and s afety of the care provided. This literature review will focus on the effectiveness of the electronic health records in the context of aged care services (Jha et al., 2010). The origin of medical records can be dated back to the fifth century BC, and it served the purpose of identifying the cause of a particular disease and document the treatment plan followed. In the 1960s the paper based medical records were the mode of patient information utilized globally in all kinds of clinical treatments. In the early 21st century, the emergence of information technology into the health care sector brought forward the field of health informatics, and electronic health records came into being. In the current age, EHR is viewed as the solution to the most of the challenges in the health care sector, and is utilized by almost all health care professionals, such as specialists, physicians, nurses, psychologists, physiotherapists, pharmacists, dieticians, lab technicians, radiologists and others. Many authors have opined electronic health records to be the revolutionary transition that, if utilized properly, has the potential to change the face of health care altogethe r (Jha et al., 2010). The operation of the EHR enables the health care professional to record the heath care information about the patient digitally and the activities undertaken to carte for the patient in a digital format that is processed and stored in a database that can be accessed by the health care professionals anytime and anywhere with authorized access to the data. Undoubtedly the importance of that in improving the care quality and safety will be radical, that is the reason EHR has become the necessity in the health care industry globally. The operation of the electronic health records is easy as well; the EHR comprises of patient identity, medical history, demographics, immunization status, medication allergies, radiology images, lab tests, vital signs, and personal statistics for the patient and the health care professionals are supposed to enter the information each time they visit the patient. The health care professionals have to make entry into the EHR every time they take assessment of t he patient, in order to view the data previously entered by the other health care professionals and enter the data taken by the health care professional. Following this simple protocol can ensure that quality and optimal care is being provided to the patient and the safety and wellbeing of the patient is being given the first priority. In case of the aging patients, it is even more useful as there are a lot of complications associated with the aging and frail patient and there a lot o safety risks for the aging patients on residential care like fall risk, pressure injury, anxiety, respiratory infections, etc. Maintaining a strict EHR protocol will ensure that the all the factors associated with the aging patients are being considered (Rathert et al., 2017). Previous studies on effectiveness of aged care: According to the authors, Healthcare Informatics and electronic health records has been introduced into the aged care system both residential and nonresidential few years back in order to improve both the effectiveness of the aged care and the safety of aged care. Hindustani the authors have carried out a qualitative review on the effectiveness of electronic health records in improving the aged care services taking the context of the Australian hospitals. The results indicated that there were 3 categories of benefits as perceived by the Healthcare stuff due to the implementation of electronic health records into the treatment procedure (Zhang, Yu Shen, 2012). The first benefits encountered by the staff had been in the documentation sector which enabled the staff to access the medical information about the patient every time they encountered the patient for assessment or treatment. Along with that and organized set of data help them serve higher quality of care to the patients and en abled smoother communication between the patient and the aged care staff. The electronic health records also enabled effective interpersonal communication between the aged care team assigned for a particular patient where one benefit led to another crafting an optimal care for the patients. The article by Yu indicated and similar results in a case study within the contact of Australian residential aged care fat staff responded with improved system and service quality improved information storage and access system improved training and self efficacy and improved patient satisfaction within the aged care (Yu et al., 2013). According to the study by Chung and Cho, authors assessed the performance of the HR systems within the context of aged care services and the results indicated that implementation of HR systems not only improve to the reliability of The aged care services but it also escalated the patient satisfaction and experience of stay in The aged care facility (Chung Cho, 2017 ). Mainstream versus alternative viewpoints: Although most of the studies indicate at the effectiveness of ESR records there are some disadvantages of HR installation into the aged care system as well. These alternate viewpoints were facilitated by you at all. In this study the authors attempted to investigate the unintended adverse consequences of implementing EHR in the residential aged care facilities taking into consideration the organizations within the Australian Capital Territory (Yu et al., 2013). The results indicated the presence of 8 categories of adverse consequences such as inability after staff in proper data entry, inability in Information retrieval, user resistance, and increased complexity of information management, confidentiality concerns, and complicated care delivery services. Similar alternative use measured by relevant studies on the adverse consequences of EHR into residential Aged care services. The principal questions that are asked in this literature review regarding the efficiency of EHR systems in improving the care quality and cash delivery of the aged Care Services within residential settings. Along with that this literature review attempted to question the patient safety and patient satisfaction in accordance with an active EHR system in the residential aged care facility. The results of this literature review indicated at the radical improvement of aged care services due to the range of benefits facilitated by HR system and also indicated and improved Patient Safety and patient satisfaction within the similar context. The challenges that were found prevalent within the implementation of EHR in aged care services can be improved by training and skill enrichment of the Healthcare professionals so that they can understand the operation of EHR Services more appropriately and improve their professional efficiency along with the quality of the care they provide (Chung Cho , 2017). Conclusion: On a concluding note, it can be said that the importance of the EHR is an essential tool in improving the care quality and escalating patient safety and patient satisfaction within any health care division including aged care services. However the lack of proper and large scale training and skill improvement of the health care staff is creating changes in optimal us of the revolutionary service, therefore, proper and periodic training can improve the future of health care services radically. Study Authors Design Database Selection status Reason The benefits of introducing electronic health records in residential aged care facilities: a multiple case study. Zhang, Y., Yu, P., Shen, J. (2012). Qualitative review PubMed included Explained in detail the benefits of introducing electronic health records in residential aged care Measuring the performance of electronic health records: a case study in residential aged care in Australia. Yu, P., Qian, S., Yu, H., Lei, J. (2013) Qualitative review PubMed included Explained in detail the performance of EHR Unintended adverse consequences of introducing electronic health records in residential aged care homes. International journal of medical informatics, Yu, P., Zhang, Y., Gong, Y., Zhang, J. (2013). Qualitative interview study PubMed included Provided alternate viewpoint on EHR Measuring the performance of electronic health records: a case study in residential aged care in Australia. Yu, P., Qian, S., Yu, H., Lei, J. (2013). Systematic review PubMed Included Provided an insight on the performance of the HER on the aged care Seven years after Meaningful Use: Physicians' and nurses' experiences with electronic health records. Rathert, C., Porter, T. H., Mittler, J. N., Fleig-Palmer, M. (2017). Qualitative review PubMed included Explained Her from a physicians point of view Potential Effects of the Electronic Health Record on the Small Physician Practice: A Delphi Study. Sines, C. C., Griffin, G. R. (2017). Qualitative review PubMed included Provided potential effects of HER in small health care settings The need for academic electronic health record systems in nurse education. Chung, J., Cho, I. (2017). Systematic review PubMed included Provided the need for training and education on EHR for the nursing staff A progress report on electronic health records in US hospitals. Jha, A. K., DesRoches, C. M., Kralovec, P. D., Joshi, M. S. (2010). Report Google scholar included Provided insight on global progress of the EHR in general. Health information technology: an updated systematic review with a focus on meaningful use. Jones, S. S., Rudin, R. S., Perry, T., Shekelle, P. G. (2014). Qualitative review Google scholar excluded Incomplete and confusing data Using electronic health records to drive discovery in disease genomics. Kohane, I. S. (2011). Qualitative review Google scholar excluded Irrelevant content References: Chung, J., Cho, I. (2017). The need for academic electronic health record systems in nurse education. Nurse Education Today, 54, 83-88. Jha, A. K., DesRoches, C. M., Kralovec, P. D., Joshi, M. S. (2010). A progress report on electronic health records in US hospitals. Health affairs, 29(10), 1951-1957. Rathert, C., Porter, T. H., Mittler, J. N., Fleig-Palmer, M. (2017). Seven years after Meaningful Use: Physicians' and nurses' experiences with electronic health records. Health Care Management Review. Sines, C. C., Griffin, G. R. (2017). Potential Effects of the Electronic Health Record on the Small Physician Practice: A Delphi Study. Perspectives in health information management, 14(Spring). Yu, P., Qian, S., Yu, H., Lei, J. (2013). Measuring the performance of electronic health records: a case study in residential aged care in Australia. Yu, P., Zhang, Y., Gong, Y., Zhang, J. (2013). Unintended adverse consequences of introducing electronic health records in residential aged care homes. International journal of medical informatics, 82(9), 772-788. Zhang, Y., Yu, P., Shen, J. (2012). The benefits of introducing electronic health records in residential aged care facilities: a multiple case study. International journal of medical informatics, 81(10), 690-704.

Journal of my close friend free essay sample

My Close Friend Who is that? Is that your best friend? I am sure everyone had been asked by those questions in their life. So do l. So, what it is close friend? Close friend Is someone who always cheers you up in no matter what happened either in happiness or sadness. Hangout, gossiping, playing, studying, shopping, laughing, crying, and so on, all you do Is together with them, your best friends. In my life, I do have a close friend. She Is my sunshine. She also is my rainbow after heavy rain had passed. I laughed with her. I cried with her.She never left me, so do l. We are a best friend. Forever, I will cherish our friendship. I still remember how I met her In our first meeting. On the first day of my high school, I went to school early. When I stepped In my class, I saw someone was sleeping In the corner of my class. We will write a custom essay sample on Journal of my close friend or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I got a little shocked when looking at her. For sure because I do think she might be a ghost or someone who are homeless. But somehow, I told myself to be brave, so I came near to her then I realize, she also a student, same as me. I woke her up and she is awake.She looked at me innocently with her puffy eyes. Suddenly she cried hard in front of me. I was so anxious with that unexpected scene. Did I hurt her when I woke her up? When I asked her, she told me everything. Nothing less but it was about her heartbreaking. I just listen to her and comfort her. Although it was a little awkward since that was the first time I met her, still, I feel comfortable with her. The feeling want to be her friend were strongly linger in myself. After that, we always keep in touch and end up as a best friend. Sharing all story together.When I was in trouble, she is ready for me and I had never leave by her side when she needs me. Where is she, there is always me by her side. That is why everyone called us a twin. She is a thin girl with a sweet smile. She is so cool most of time but when something had troubled her, I easily recognized it. All of her feeling is shown at her beautiful face without barriers. That is why I as her only best friend will always cheer her up. I love to see her smile and her sorrow are my first thing I must vanish away.

Why You Should Use an Executive Summary Sample in Your Essay

Why You Should Use an Executive Summary Sample in Your EssayWriting an essay to earn an essay credit is not easy, but you can learn to write an essay executive summary sample that will help you in writing an essay for college. The executive summary sample is one of the most important parts of an essay, as it tells a reader what the essay is about and provides information that will be relevant to the essay topic.An executive summary sample gives a reader all the necessary information needed to know what they are reading. By including a paragraph or two about the writer's name, their employer, their school, and other interesting information about them the essay helps the reader to get to know the author more and helps them get a better understanding of the author's point of view. When reading an essay writer usually has not read the entire essay but has only skimmed it; by including this information gives the reader a detailed account of the writer's background and achievements.There a re people who have finished high school who are now out of college and who are looking for a job. This gives them the opportunity to show employers what they have learned throughout high school. By including this summary they can help to create a resume that will stand out and will show employers how well a person has prepared for their career. It will also show them how well they have prepared themselves for the career that they have been hoping for.Essays that have been written by high school students will often include this information because it is relevant and shows the reader how well the writer has prepared for their career. It will help them realize that they need to improve their essay and therefore the information included in the essay. When a person has been working hard to write a quality essay then it is obvious that they have prepared for the task that they have set themselves. This will show them that they have an excellent ability to write and this is a major point i n their favor.When there is a deadline for the assignment, including an executive summary in the essay will make the essay easier to write. It will also help the student in completing the essay and will show that they have thought of every aspect of the assignment and have included every resource that is required. Writing an essay on a deadline is easier when there is an executive summary included in the essay and makes the essay easier to complete.If the student has been sent on an internship then they will find this information useful as it will help them understand their assignment more and explain why they were sent on this assignment. When they learn how hard the intern has worked to get the assignment, they will be encouraged to work even harder to achieve the same success. This will also show the intern that it will take more than hard work to achieve their goal and to show that they have the ability to do the work and be successful.Writing an essay is not the easiest thing i n the world and writing a good essay is not easy. If the student has been sent on an assignment that requires writing then they will find that using the executive summary sample will help them prepare for their assignment and will show them why they were sent on this assignment. It will also help them to see what information they need to include and help them to know why they need to include that information.If you are writing an essay for college, you can use an executive summary sample to help you out. By including this information in your essay you will learn to prepare for the essay and help you understand why you are writing the essay.

Spelling Isnt Magic

Spelling Isnt Magic Spelling Isn’t Magic Spelling Isn’t Magic By Mark Nichol Perhaps no aspect of written language engenders more consternation or trepidation than spelling. There’s even supposedly a clinical term for the fear of misspelling words: ortographobia. (Wait isn’t that spelled wrong?) Unless you were a spelling-bee champion and perhaps in spite of that distinction you might at least occasionally become flustered at the prospect of having to write a word without the confidence that you’ve spelled it correctly. And it’s probably caused you some embarrassment, or at least a pang of self-consciousness: Many poor spellers think they’re less intelligent than spelling whizzes. (That word can be spelled â€Å"wiz,† too; it’s actually a variant of the abridgement of â€Å"wizard.†) Get over it. Spelling skills aren’t highly correlated with intelligence level, and good spellers seem to be born, not made; taking all the spelling tests in the world isn’t likely to place you among those who write without fear of misspelling. And consider these two significant obstacles to orthographical optimization: First, the English language, more than any other, is replete with confusing, counterintuitive, and contradictory spelling rules. Second, spelling by example is increasingly fraught with peril, given the sad decline in care taken in editing books and newspapers (although magazines seem to remain immune to such deterioration in standards) and the preponderance of poor writing on Web sites and in email, chat and texting environments. So, if you’re a poor speller, and you’re up against a native tongue that defies logic and a world in which good writing seems to no longer be highly valued, what do you do? Relax. You have several allies: The dictionary: You could look it up. If I had a dollar for every spelling question I’ve seen in comments on Web sites about writing and editing, I could buy each of the inquirers a pocket dictionary. (Or, better yet, send them a link to www.m-w.com and pocket the cash.) Complication: Neologisms, assuming they survive faddishness to take their place in the lexicon, are years away from inclusion in the next edition. And where do you open a dictionary to if you don’t know the first letter of the word? Also, various dictionaries may differ in preferred spellings. These are minor points, though. Let the dictionary be your friend. Spell-checking programs: Your word-processing program’s built-in schoolmarm will come to your rescue, and you don’t even have to bring it an apple. Complication: Sometimes it’s wrong. Again, this is a petty quibble. Common sense: â€Å"Born,† or â€Å"borne†? (Originating from, or carried by?) â€Å"Affect,† or â€Å"effect†? (To impact or to fake, or to create an impression or influence a result?) â€Å"Ensure,† â€Å"insure, † or â€Å"assure†? (To guarantee, to take precautions, or to convince?) Complication: Common sense sometimes isn’t all that common. And variant meanings can overlap among more than one similar word (as with the â€Å"-sure† words). Finally, this class of words homophones and near homophones constitutes only a fraction of the troublesome words in our language. Ultimately, though, the best defense against the offense of misspelling is to be a stringent scribe: When you review your writing (you do review your writing, don’t you?), assume that it is a capital offense to misspell a word, and act accordingly. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?Confusing "Passed" with "Past"How Do You Pronounce "Mozart"?

Analysis of semco and pixar animated studio as an example of innovative organizations

Companies like Semco, Gore and Associate, 3M and Pixar have made a reputation for themselves due to their emphasis on creativity. Innovation is a product of collaborative learning, idea generation, sharing and idea realization practices of workers in an organization (Dovey, 2009, p.311). For innovation to occur an organisation must foster an environment and culture that give room for creativity which is what Semco and Pixar have achieved. To this end, this report will analyse Semco and Pixar as an exemplar of innovative companies and the relationship that exist between them using some key theories of innovation and the defining features and managerial actions that set them apart as innovative organisations. SEMCO Semco is a loose organisation that encourages innovation and self organisation leading to trust, collaboration and cooperation. Semco was a small family engineering company originally called Semler and Company established in 1952 in Sao Paulo, Brazil by Antonio Curt Semler and renamed Semco after Ricardo Semler, the 24 year old son of the owner resumed office as the new chief executive officer in 1984, firing more than half of the top managers on his first day of resuming office as chief executive officer and eliminated all secretarial positions (CNN, 2004). The company prior to Ricardo taking over was characterised with autocratic style of management with control and rules being the order of the day and operating at the edge of collapse. Ricardo Semler favours a participating style of management, profit sharing and free flow of information. The company product range includes dishwashers, pumps, mixers, cooling units for air condition, biscuits factories among others (Semler 1999, p. 1). It is one of the most innovative companies in the world and has become the subject of study for most business schools all around the world due to its peculiar management style. There is no organisation structure that feeds managers ego, subordinates choose their own bosses, employees set their salaries, production targets and achieve them at their own time, and are encouraged to participate, share ideas and also share in the profit (Semler 1999, pp.1-7, 130 131). PIXAR Pixar animated studio was established in 1986 after Steve Jobs purchased the computer graphics division of Lucas films for $10 million with Ed Catmull being named co-founder and Chief technical officer, Smith as vice president alongside Steve Jobs (Price, 2008, p.74 85-197). In 2001, Ed Catmull was named Pixar’s president. The company originally manufactures and sell hardware and software that enable computer graphics to develop animations. In 1987, the company began the making of short films with its first computer generated movie, Toy Story being released in 1995. The company which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Walt Disney acquired 2006 at $7.4 billion and located in Emeryville, California (Paik, 2007). The acquisition will help Pixar gain economies of scale and access to new technologies. Pixar has a range of films under its belt that has surpassed box office expectations from Rango, Hop, Toy Story 3, finding Nemo, the incredible and many others (Emerald Group Review, 2 011). Its target audience cuts across all ages and nationalities and include families and children and its product range include short films in DVDs, soundtrack CDs, animated films among others (Price, 2008, pp.3-7). It fosters an environment that gives room for mistakes and encourages collaborations among teams and departments and devoid of micro management by executives to ensure creativity and innovation (YouTube-imperial college, 2009). THEORIES OF INNOVATION USING EVIDENCE FROM SEMCO AND PIXAR What makes Ricardo Semler and Ed Catmull exceptional in the way they run their companiesCould it be that they were born to innovation, an act of God, divine intervention, grace, or years of experience and acquisition of knowledge and educationAnalysts and business tycoons have called these men genius. Some critics of Semler and Pixar would have called the transformation at these companies as a gift from the gods. However, it is worthy of note that Semco was a company already in operation prior to Ricardo taking over and Pixar had several failed attempts before its major breakthrough in 1995 with Toy Story. Emerald group, 2011 quoted Ed Catmull in Harvard Business Review ‘I don’t think our success is largely luck. Rather, I believe our adherence to a set of principles and practices for managing creative talent and risk is responsible.’ Was grace far from the transformation in these companiesRicardo was one of the youngest graduates at Harvard Business School who wo uld have learnt some of the traditional management theories in school but choose to manage in a uniquely different way that suite his life and believes suite those of his employees. Moreover, having had an encounter with a doctor who told him to change his work style, he decided to change his way of management, a factor that has led to the key changes at Semco today. Thus innovation at Semco may be a combination of association having graduated from Harvard, accident-a chance meeting with the doctor, personality-considering that while at high school he raised some money for the school vacation program which he reinvested to yield a return before the vacation, feature of life and a bit of cognitive considering the fact that innovation at Semco had evolved over time. It is far from being grace or act of gods. Several forms of innovation can be said to have taken placed at these organisations. They are: Organisational innovation: An organisational innovation is one that entails the implementation of a new organisational method in the firm’s business practices, workplace or external relations (Stoneman, 2010, p.17; OECD, 2006). It is often intended to increase a company’s performance through improvement in workplace satisfaction and labour productivity and access to knowledge. It entails an adoption of an organisational method such as flatter organisation structures, employees’ participation among others that have not being used before in an organisation and often results from strategic decisions taken by management (Stoneman, 2010, p.18). Semco and Pixar posses a great deal of organisational innovation. Semco had implemented theories that have never being tried before such as the satellites programs that allow ex-employees to open their own companies with financial help and resources and become partners with Semco and employees cutting their wages by 30% to Semc o at difficult times to get a higher returns when trading conditions get better. What drive such innovation are the organisational culture, structure and learning. Social innovation: This is the innovation that supports and it is beneficial to the society. Pixar is an example of such innovation whose films though animated have a lot of influence on the society both young and small. Its latest film, hop for instance gives social lessons about the role of adult and children in society. Semco has also contributed to the Brazilian society through employment and a reduction in job cuts. Traditional innovation: This is technological innovation and is measured in different ways such as through patents, expenditure and development among others. Semco and Pixar have shown a lot of innovation and creativity in technology with Pixar having a lot of patents. All these types of innovation create social capital which will be discussed later in this report. FEATURES OF INNOVATIVE ORGANISATIONS OR MANAGEMENT ACTIONS SEMCO and Pixar’s success is built on a lattice or flatter organisational structure devoid of control culture that has gone through series of transformation through the years which has enhanced their innovative ability. An organisational culture devoid of control fosters innovation as individuals are giving the freedom to self organise and make their own decisions just like Semco where employees set their salaries and take decisions on production targets and the time they meet such targets (Semler, 1999, p.1). These companies have been able to manage innovation in the following ways: Structure and culture: Organisational design is crucial to the continuous innovation of an enterprise. As the business environment becomes complex and uncertain, so is the organisational design changing to meet up with customers’ demands for value maximising products. Traditional management scientists like Max Weber emphasised formal structure which is a top-down approach characterised with command, control, rules, position power and neglect social and psychological influences on behaviours of employees and teams (Burnes 2000, p.45). Employees are likely to respond to a good leader who they trust and respect than being managed in a bureaucratic way as argued by Adair 1986:54. Semco operates a lattice structure and considers all workers as equal and has reduced bureaucracy from twelve layers of management to three (Semler 1999, p.7). Reduced hierarchies and high involvement will lead to faster decision making and idea generation and information sharing, leading to innovation. F ormal organisational structure stifles individual creativity. In the words of Semler, authoritarianism diminishes productivity and as such no privileges or rules that discourages flexibility (Semler, 1999, p. 4). At Semco, People are made to enjoy their job and feel good about themselves, not just to survive. Business strategy in the company is determined without interference from the top. Similarly, Pixar is free from the thick layers of formal management and executives are not involved in the day to day running of the organisation. All employees are equally important and all work together for the success of a story. Both companies are devoid of micro-management which ensures creativity and innovation. To have these kind of organisations require a conducive organisational culture that is devoid of control. In the words of Ed Catmull, ‘Management really doesn’t tell people what to do.’ Thus both companies give employees freedom to take risk and there is reflecti on, learning and feedback. However , not everyone can work in an environment with such a structure as some people like being told what to do, also, people wants to know what their responsibilities are and who they are report to while others do not like responsibility. It means that such environment will attract liked minded individuals. Trust and Freedom: Due to the flexible organisational structure and lack of formal reporting structures, employees can be trusted to carry out their roles. However, there is a tendency for employees to abuse the system giving the few reporting structures. Semco has absolute trust in her employees and encourages them to be self managing and governing and have made partners with them. There is so much trust that Semco made entrepreneurs out of its workers through assistance with setting up their own company through its satellite programs, buy from them and encourage them to sell to its competitors. One will assume trust will not be a possibility giving the large number of employees of over 3000. Semco has defiled business school expectations and has gone as far as allowing workers to participate in managerial decision making from deciding how much they get paid, to unlimited access to financial information and freedom to work whenever and wherever they choose and meet targets at their own set time and set their salaries which has resulted in impressive growth, long term loyalty and increase and better productivity. To Semler, his interest is in the final result not where, how and hours worked (Easen, 2004). Freedom drives performance and encourages innovation. Staff can work better if given more independence (Handy, 2004). Semco adopts a participating or democratic management style that create an atmosphere where both bosses and subordinates ( partners and associate) interact regardless of jobs and position and all are involved in decision making (Semler, 1999.pp.6 81). In the words of Semler (1999, p. 6), ‘We don’t have as many bosses as we used to. As workers began to exercise more control over their jobs and assume more voices in our policies, the need for supervisors diminished.’ Having trust in individual will give them a sense of belonging and being wanted and encourage new ideas and sharing of ideas among one another. Semco and Pixar re alised that the most powerful resources at their disposal are the people who make things happen in their organisations and have learnt to trust, believe in them and give them the freedom to express their innovative capabilities and drive production forward. Trust is seen as an outcome of social capital and shared values (Cote and Healy, 2001). However, the problem with freedom is that not everyone like being free. Some people want to be controlled and directed to get their job done. Some see control as a motivator. Moreover, some top managers may resist the need for reduced hierarchies for fear of losing control and power. Social capital and Collaboration: At Semco and Pixar, there is collaboration and teamwork as people work together for common and shared values and not get in each others’ way but are committed to the achievement of the common goal of the company. At Semco, employees participate in managerial decision not just relating to their jobs but the business as a whole. They are included in decisions that pertain to choosing who their boss becomes (Easen, 2004). Before people are hired or promoted to leadership positions, they are interviewed and approved by all who will be working for them, and every six months managers are evaluated by their subordinates. Semco has autonomous business units established by ex- employees who open their own business with help from Semco and have become partners, associate and collaborators and has made Semco a leaner and agile organisation (Semler, 1999 P.7). Also different departments and business units and teams work collectively to drive innovation f orward at Semco and Pixar. Easen, 2004 reported Semler as saying that ‘Growth and profit are a product of how people work together.’ There is a balanced collaboration at Pixar as artist and technologists are paired together. Every offer or idea is accepted and then people get the chance to plus it (Nelsen, 2008). A term Nelsen called ‘plussing’- taking an idea or a piece of work and find a way to add or improve upon it without judging it. At Pixar, collaboration means amplification whereby employees who are listening and interested in each other are joined together to work and bring separate depth to the problems and breadth that gives them interest in the solution as well as allow teams to communicate at different levels. The brain trust at Pixar is a framework or forum that gives an opportunity for some of the best brains to use their expertise and experience to share their understanding and knowledge with others and to get feedback. The Organisation for Economic Development and Cooperation, OECD defines social capital as ‘networks together with shared norms, values and understandings that facilitate cooperation within or among groups’ (ONS, 2001; Cote and Healy, 2001:41). It is the glue that holds organisations together and enables employees to join forces more effectively and pursue shared objectives. In a culture of continual change and uncertainty, sustainable communities are those who are collaborative and always growing with and towards each other in the formation, sharing and adaptation to new knowledge (Smith and Paquette, 2010). Some of the outcomes of social capital are social relations, trust, collaboration, mutually enforceable agreement, general reciprocity and innovation (ONS, 2001). In Semco there is mutually enforceable agreement resulting from profit sharing. In the past, Pixar had used stock to motivate employees and encourage them to stay. Also, the need to produce quality output at Pixar could be a form of mutually enforceable agreement (Price 2008, p. 114). Pay recognition: Motivation such as adequate pay, interpersonal relations and work and group dynamics are some factors that increase productivity and workers satisfaction (Mullins, 2007, p.53). Employees will be committed to work if they are being paid fairly and feel that their contribution is appreciated in the organisation. Semco’s employees set their salaries and share in the profits. As Semler (1999, P. 4) says, ‘Profit-sharing is democratic. We negotiate with our workers over the basic percentage to be distributed- about a quarter of our corporate profit.’ This has worked so well at Semco as there is very low labour turnover and when the need arises, those laid off are assisted to form their own company. Reward systems and benefits retain people and lead to workers’ satisfaction, commitment and loyalty (Chiu et al, 2002). There were times when workers salary proposal were rejected in instances of over- statement. Contrary to this is the argument that financial rewards are not enough to motivate people and that group pressure has more influence on employees than financial rewards (Mullins, 2007, p.301). In addition, people also have intrinsic motivation derives from within the individual which propels them towards the need for self actualisation and fulfilment. Learning and feedback/ Gives room for mistakes/Risk taking: Learning within projects teams depends heavily on the inflow and transfer of knowledgeable among them. Semco and Pixar are learning organisations. Such organisations give room for failure and learning from mistakes and encourage risk taking and have a wide tolerance for new ideas and do not punish mistakes. A learning organisation was defined by Johnson et al (2008) as, ‘One capable of continual regeneration from the variety of knowledge, experience and skills of individuals that encourage mutual questioning and challenge around a shared purpose or vision.’ Semler pointed out that mistake is welcome and a sign that the employee is taking enough risk. Without mistakes, there will not be learning and consequently, innovation will be stifled. Likewise at Pixar, continuous innovation requires that executives resist the natural tendencies to minimise risks and accept uncertainty to ensure originality and ability to r ecover from failures resulting from taking risks. It encourages creativity by allowing people to experiment with new ideas and mistakes genuinely made are treated as part of the learning process Emerald Group review, 2011). Mistake are not punished at Pixar but seen as building block for new ideas and innovation just like 3M. Pixar endorses and encourages a creative by rejecting hierarchical and controlled system, instead the taking of risks and recognizes the importance of serendipity in the creative process (Smith and Paquette, 2010) It has been argued that employees’ collective knowledge exceeds those of the organisation and its capabilities and managers should aim at encouraging processes that unlock employees’ knowledge and encourage information, knowledge and idea sharing which is the sort of environment both companies have created for their employees. As a narrator said, each movies produced by Pixar contains a combination of tens of thousands of ideas arising from risk taking, failure and learning. Ed Catmull said that ‘Innovative people are failure recovered not failure avoider.’ Both companies give room for reflection, learning and feedback. The benefits of learning cannot be over emphasis. Learning increases employees’ commitment, improve quality as mistakes are identified. Senge 1999 reiterated that organisational learning leads to organisational performance. Commitment: At Semco, everyone is committed to the achievement of the organisation’s objectives as they all feel a sense of belonging and part ownership of the company arising partly from the profit sharing. Employees are seen as being importance and valued. A worker in an interview said if an employee is idle, another worker will often ask why he or she is not working, reminding him or her that failure to work will reduce their profits and subsequently reduction in money for their pockets. So there is peer pressure. If employees feel that they are being trusted to take decision on their own and self manage, they will be committed. Semco operates an egalitarian company where there is no preferential treatment. Parking lots are for first come basis and all employees eat on the same canteen. Meetings are held based on the first two employees to be present. This makes employees feel as being a part of the team and big family and give them a sense of being wanted by the company. B y removing privileges of ranks, employees will see themselves as a wider community, thus feel comfortable voicing their opinion, leading to generation of new ideas. Dynamism: Semco is a highly flexible company with no boundaries to the type of business and products, making it difficult to say exactly what kind of business the company is in. There is no fixed business and it is open to any form of business that comes their way. It is also characterised with the absence of business plans and company strategy. In the words of Semler (2003, p.4), ‘ Once you say what business you are in, you create boundaries for you employees, you restrict their thinking and give them a reason to ignore new opportunities as they will say we are not in that business.’ Semco is so dynamic in its operations and processes that employees must not use one desk two days in a row. This is to make them difficult to track and are free to move and work anywhere that appeals to them be it home office. There is time flexibility as they are not concerned about when the employees arrive at work. However, contracts are negotiated on the basis of what to be achieved at a set period and what it stands to gain for paid value and what the employees get in return. It is a mutually enforceable agreement as both parties- employees and Semco benefit. Pixar, though in a core line of business of animated films, it is not to say it is not a dynamic company as different forms of films that benefits both adult and children have being produced over the years. There is effective communication at both companies due to the organisational culture and flatter structure devoid of control. There is information, idea and knowledge sharing. At Pixar, technologists communicate with the artists. SUMARY AND CONCLUSION Semco and Pixar are said to be innovative even though the companies are different in what they do and how they approach innovation. Nevertheless, some common factors in both companies is the delegation of a large amount of control to their employees and absolute freedom to take risk and give room for mistakes and failure, giving them freedom to generate new ideas and thus take a more active role and commitment. Both companies have decentralised the management structures to get employees more involved in decision making and give them a sense of belonging. They have created a culture that gives room for mistakes, failures, sharing of information, and ideas. There is also collaboration between employees, teams, departments, business units and partners, trust, social capital, communication, lack of micro-management and similar organisational culture and structure which encourages innovation. However, both companies differ in a number of ways such as absence of profit sharing at Pixar, la nguages, products, country of location and time scales. Having carried out a detailed analysis of Semco and Pixar, it is possible that what works at these companies can be applicable to other companies. However, some disadvantages will be accrued if these features are applied in another company characterised with hierarchical control culture and structure such as resistance from top management who are control freaks and unwilling to relinquish power. Moreover, not everyone will be able to self manage as some people like being controlled and told what to do. In addition, that trust and freedom work well in these organisations does not mean it can be implemented in other organisations as differences in culture and environment will play a role in determining its effectiveness in another company with different organisational culture and business environment. Having said this, nothing is worth not trying, so these managerial actions that have worked so well in these organisations can be applied to other organisations. The reward may not be see n immediately, but in the long run, it will pay off. REFERENCE ADAIR, J. 1986. Effective Team Building: How to make a Winning Team. London: Gower Publishing Co Ltd.BURNES, B. 2000. Managing Change: A Strategic Approach to Organisational Dynamics. 3rd edn. England: Pearson Education Ltd. CHIU, R. K, LUK, W.V AND TANG, T.L (2002) Retaining and motivating employees: Compensation preferences in Hong Kong and China. Personnel Review [Online journal], 31 (4), pp.402-431. Available from Emerald at http://www.emeraldinsight.com/search.htm?st1=Retaining+and+motivating+employees%3A+Compensation+preferences+in+Hong+Kong+and+Chinact=allec=1bf=1 . (April 19 2011). COTE, S AND HEALY, T. (2001) The Well-being of Nations. The role of human and social capital. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris. CNN. 2004. Ricardo Semler, Semco SA. [WWW] http://edition.cnn.com/2004/BUSINESS/06/29/semler.profile/index.html?iref=allsearch(27 April 2011). DOVEY, K. 2009. The role of trust in innovation. The Learning Organization [online journal] 16(4). Pp.311-325. Available from Emerald at http://www.emeraldinsight.com/search.htm?st1=role+of+trust+in+innovationct=allec=1bf=1 . (March23/3/2011). EASEN, N. 2004. Interview with Ricardo Semler. [WWW] http://edition.cnn.com/2004/BUSINESS/05/19/go.semlar.transcript/index.html (15 April 2011). EASEN, N. 2004. Democracy in the Workplace. [WWW] http://edition.cnn.com/2004/BUSINESS/05/19/go.democratic.workplace/index.html?iref=allsearch (15 April 2011). EMERALD GROUP, 2011. How Pixar animates its talent team: not knowing the answers can be the way ahead. Development and Learning in Organizations [Online journal], 25 (1), pp. 30-32. Available from Emerald at http://www.emeraldinsight.com/search.htm?st1=pixarct=allec=1bf=1. (April 8 2011). HANDY C, 2004. Giving your Staff More Freedom. [WWW] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/ hi/ business /4058519.stm (1 April 2011). JOHNSON, G, SCHOLES, K AND WHITTINGTON, R. 2008. Exploring Corporate Strategy: Text and Cases. 8th edn. England: Pearson Education Limited. MULLINS, L. J, 2007. Management and Organisational Behaviour. 8th edn. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. NELSEN, R. 2008. Pixar’s Randy Nelsen on the Collaborative Age. [WWW] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QhXJe8ANws8 (1 April 2011). OFFICE OF NATIONAL STATISTICS. 2001. Social Capital: A review of the literature. [WWW] http://www.statistics.gov.uk/socialcapital/downloads/soccaplitreview.pdf (26 April 2011). PAIK, K. 2007. To Infinity and Beyond: The story of Pixar Animation Studio. London: Virgin Books Ltd. PIXAR GROUP 24. 2009. Innovation Management: Imperial College. [WWW] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dTB5S2mc3wA (20 March 2011). PRICE, D. A.2008. The Pixar Touch: The Making of a Company. USA: Alfred A. Knopf. SEMLER, R. 2003. The Seven-Day Weekend. London: Century. SEMLER, R. Semco – Ricardo Semler – MIT SF 11 – Leading organizations. [WWW] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1qJ2W9cVDM (14 April 2011). SEMLER, R. (1999) Maverick! The Success Story Behind the World’s most Unusual Workplace. London: Random House Business Books. SEMLER, R. 2007. Interview with Ricardo Semler. [WWW] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJkOPxJCN1wfeature=related (13 March 2011). SENGE, P.M. (1999). It’s the learning: the real lesson of quality movement. The Journal for Quality and Participation, 22 (6)Pp.34-40. STONEMAN, P. 2010. Soft Innovation: Economics, Product Aesthetics and Creative Industries. New York: Oxford University Press.SMITH, S. AND PAQUETTE, S. (2010). Creativity, chaos and knowledge management. Business Information Review, 27 (2), pp. 118-23. BIBLIOGRAPHY BESSANT, J. 2003. High Involvement innovation: Building and Sustaining Competitive Advantage Through Continuous Change. England: John Wiley Sons. CHRISTENSEN, C.M, AND ERIK, A.R. 2004. Seeing What is Next: Using the Theories of Innovation to Predict Industry Change. USA: Harvard Business school Press. BURDETH, O.J. 1994. The Magic of Alignment. Management Decision [online journal], 32 (2), pp. 59-63. Available from Emerald at http://www.emeraldinsight.com/search.htm?st1=alignmentct=allec=1bf=1go=Go. (March 3 2011). Analysis of semco and pixar animated studio as an example of innovative organizations Companies like Semco, Gore and Associate, 3M and Pixar have made a reputation for themselves due to their emphasis on creativity. Innovation is a product of collaborative learning, idea generation, sharing and idea realization practices of workers in an organization (Dovey, 2009, p.311). For innovation to occur an organisation must foster an environment and culture that give room for creativity which is what Semco and Pixar have achieved. To this end, this report will analyse Semco and Pixar as an exemplar of innovative companies and the relationship that exist between them using some key theories of innovation and the defining features and managerial actions that set them apart as innovative organisations. SEMCO Semco is a loose organisation that encourages innovation and self organisation leading to trust, collaboration and cooperation. Semco was a small family engineering company originally called Semler and Company established in 1952 in Sao Paulo, Brazil by Antonio Curt Semler and renamed Semco after Ricardo Semler, the 24 year old son of the owner resumed office as the new chief executive officer in 1984, firing more than half of the top managers on his first day of resuming office as chief executive officer and eliminated all secretarial positions (CNN, 2004). The company prior to Ricardo taking over was characterised with autocratic style of management with control and rules being the order of the day and operating at the edge of collapse. Ricardo Semler favours a participating style of management, profit sharing and free flow of information. The company product range includes dishwashers, pumps, mixers, cooling units for air condition, biscuits factories among others (Semler 1999, p. 1). It is one of the most innovative companies in the world and has become the subject of study for most business schools all around the world due to its peculiar management style. There is no organisation structure that feeds managers ego, subordinates choose their own bosses, employees set their salaries, production targets and achieve them at their own time, and are encouraged to participate, share ideas and also share in the profit (Semler 1999, pp.1-7, 130 131). PIXAR Pixar animated studio was established in 1986 after Steve Jobs purchased the computer graphics division of Lucas films for $10 million with Ed Catmull being named co-founder and Chief technical officer, Smith as vice president alongside Steve Jobs (Price, 2008, p.74 85-197). In 2001, Ed Catmull was named Pixar’s president. The company originally manufactures and sell hardware and software that enable computer graphics to develop animations. In 1987, the company began the making of short films with its first computer generated movie, Toy Story being released in 1995. The company which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Walt Disney acquired 2006 at $7.4 billion and located in Emeryville, California (Paik, 2007). The acquisition will help Pixar gain economies of scale and access to new technologies. Pixar has a range of films under its belt that has surpassed box office expectations from Rango, Hop, Toy Story 3, finding Nemo, the incredible and many others (Emerald Group Review, 2 011). Its target audience cuts across all ages and nationalities and include families and children and its product range include short films in DVDs, soundtrack CDs, animated films among others (Price, 2008, pp.3-7). It fosters an environment that gives room for mistakes and encourages collaborations among teams and departments and devoid of micro management by executives to ensure creativity and innovation (YouTube-imperial college, 2009). THEORIES OF INNOVATION USING EVIDENCE FROM SEMCO AND PIXAR What makes Ricardo Semler and Ed Catmull exceptional in the way they run their companiesCould it be that they were born to innovation, an act of God, divine intervention, grace, or years of experience and acquisition of knowledge and educationAnalysts and business tycoons have called these men genius. Some critics of Semler and Pixar would have called the transformation at these companies as a gift from the gods. However, it is worthy of note that Semco was a company already in operation prior to Ricardo taking over and Pixar had several failed attempts before its major breakthrough in 1995 with Toy Story. Emerald group, 2011 quoted Ed Catmull in Harvard Business Review ‘I don’t think our success is largely luck. Rather, I believe our adherence to a set of principles and practices for managing creative talent and risk is responsible.’ Was grace far from the transformation in these companiesRicardo was one of the youngest graduates at Harvard Business School who wo uld have learnt some of the traditional management theories in school but choose to manage in a uniquely different way that suite his life and believes suite those of his employees. Moreover, having had an encounter with a doctor who told him to change his work style, he decided to change his way of management, a factor that has led to the key changes at Semco today. Thus innovation at Semco may be a combination of association having graduated from Harvard, accident-a chance meeting with the doctor, personality-considering that while at high school he raised some money for the school vacation program which he reinvested to yield a return before the vacation, feature of life and a bit of cognitive considering the fact that innovation at Semco had evolved over time. It is far from being grace or act of gods. Several forms of innovation can be said to have taken placed at these organisations. They are: Organisational innovation: An organisational innovation is one that entails the implementation of a new organisational method in the firm’s business practices, workplace or external relations (Stoneman, 2010, p.17; OECD, 2006). It is often intended to increase a company’s performance through improvement in workplace satisfaction and labour productivity and access to knowledge. It entails an adoption of an organisational method such as flatter organisation structures, employees’ participation among others that have not being used before in an organisation and often results from strategic decisions taken by management (Stoneman, 2010, p.18). Semco and Pixar posses a great deal of organisational innovation. Semco had implemented theories that have never being tried before such as the satellites programs that allow ex-employees to open their own companies with financial help and resources and become partners with Semco and employees cutting their wages by 30% to Semc o at difficult times to get a higher returns when trading conditions get better. What drive such innovation are the organisational culture, structure and learning. Social innovation: This is the innovation that supports and it is beneficial to the society. Pixar is an example of such innovation whose films though animated have a lot of influence on the society both young and small. Its latest film, hop for instance gives social lessons about the role of adult and children in society. Semco has also contributed to the Brazilian society through employment and a reduction in job cuts. Traditional innovation: This is technological innovation and is measured in different ways such as through patents, expenditure and development among others. Semco and Pixar have shown a lot of innovation and creativity in technology with Pixar having a lot of patents. All these types of innovation create social capital which will be discussed later in this report. FEATURES OF INNOVATIVE ORGANISATIONS OR MANAGEMENT ACTIONS SEMCO and Pixar’s success is built on a lattice or flatter organisational structure devoid of control culture that has gone through series of transformation through the years which has enhanced their innovative ability. An organisational culture devoid of control fosters innovation as individuals are giving the freedom to self organise and make their own decisions just like Semco where employees set their salaries and take decisions on production targets and the time they meet such targets (Semler, 1999, p.1). These companies have been able to manage innovation in the following ways: Structure and culture: Organisational design is crucial to the continuous innovation of an enterprise. As the business environment becomes complex and uncertain, so is the organisational design changing to meet up with customers’ demands for value maximising products. Traditional management scientists like Max Weber emphasised formal structure which is a top-down approach characterised with command, control, rules, position power and neglect social and psychological influences on behaviours of employees and teams (Burnes 2000, p.45). Employees are likely to respond to a good leader who they trust and respect than being managed in a bureaucratic way as argued by Adair 1986:54. Semco operates a lattice structure and considers all workers as equal and has reduced bureaucracy from twelve layers of management to three (Semler 1999, p.7). Reduced hierarchies and high involvement will lead to faster decision making and idea generation and information sharing, leading to innovation. F ormal organisational structure stifles individual creativity. In the words of Semler, authoritarianism diminishes productivity and as such no privileges or rules that discourages flexibility (Semler, 1999, p. 4). At Semco, People are made to enjoy their job and feel good about themselves, not just to survive. Business strategy in the company is determined without interference from the top. Similarly, Pixar is free from the thick layers of formal management and executives are not involved in the day to day running of the organisation. All employees are equally important and all work together for the success of a story. Both companies are devoid of micro-management which ensures creativity and innovation. To have these kind of organisations require a conducive organisational culture that is devoid of control. In the words of Ed Catmull, ‘Management really doesn’t tell people what to do.’ Thus both companies give employees freedom to take risk and there is reflecti on, learning and feedback. However , not everyone can work in an environment with such a structure as some people like being told what to do, also, people wants to know what their responsibilities are and who they are report to while others do not like responsibility. It means that such environment will attract liked minded individuals. Trust and Freedom: Due to the flexible organisational structure and lack of formal reporting structures, employees can be trusted to carry out their roles. However, there is a tendency for employees to abuse the system giving the few reporting structures. Semco has absolute trust in her employees and encourages them to be self managing and governing and have made partners with them. There is so much trust that Semco made entrepreneurs out of its workers through assistance with setting up their own company through its satellite programs, buy from them and encourage them to sell to its competitors. One will assume trust will not be a possibility giving the large number of employees of over 3000. Semco has defiled business school expectations and has gone as far as allowing workers to participate in managerial decision making from deciding how much they get paid, to unlimited access to financial information and freedom to work whenever and wherever they choose and meet targets at their own set time and set their salaries which has resulted in impressive growth, long term loyalty and increase and better productivity. To Semler, his interest is in the final result not where, how and hours worked (Easen, 2004). Freedom drives performance and encourages innovation. Staff can work better if given more independence (Handy, 2004). Semco adopts a participating or democratic management style that create an atmosphere where both bosses and subordinates ( partners and associate) interact regardless of jobs and position and all are involved in decision making (Semler, 1999.pp.6 81). In the words of Semler (1999, p. 6), ‘We don’t have as many bosses as we used to. As workers began to exercise more control over their jobs and assume more voices in our policies, the need for supervisors diminished.’ Having trust in individual will give them a sense of belonging and being wanted and encourage new ideas and sharing of ideas among one another. Semco and Pixar re alised that the most powerful resources at their disposal are the people who make things happen in their organisations and have learnt to trust, believe in them and give them the freedom to express their innovative capabilities and drive production forward. Trust is seen as an outcome of social capital and shared values (Cote and Healy, 2001). However, the problem with freedom is that not everyone like being free. Some people want to be controlled and directed to get their job done. Some see control as a motivator. Moreover, some top managers may resist the need for reduced hierarchies for fear of losing control and power. Social capital and Collaboration: At Semco and Pixar, there is collaboration and teamwork as people work together for common and shared values and not get in each others’ way but are committed to the achievement of the common goal of the company. At Semco, employees participate in managerial decision not just relating to their jobs but the business as a whole. They are included in decisions that pertain to choosing who their boss becomes (Easen, 2004). Before people are hired or promoted to leadership positions, they are interviewed and approved by all who will be working for them, and every six months managers are evaluated by their subordinates. Semco has autonomous business units established by ex- employees who open their own business with help from Semco and have become partners, associate and collaborators and has made Semco a leaner and agile organisation (Semler, 1999 P.7). Also different departments and business units and teams work collectively to drive innovation f orward at Semco and Pixar. Easen, 2004 reported Semler as saying that ‘Growth and profit are a product of how people work together.’ There is a balanced collaboration at Pixar as artist and technologists are paired together. Every offer or idea is accepted and then people get the chance to plus it (Nelsen, 2008). A term Nelsen called ‘plussing’- taking an idea or a piece of work and find a way to add or improve upon it without judging it. At Pixar, collaboration means amplification whereby employees who are listening and interested in each other are joined together to work and bring separate depth to the problems and breadth that gives them interest in the solution as well as allow teams to communicate at different levels. The brain trust at Pixar is a framework or forum that gives an opportunity for some of the best brains to use their expertise and experience to share their understanding and knowledge with others and to get feedback. The Organisation for Economic Development and Cooperation, OECD defines social capital as ‘networks together with shared norms, values and understandings that facilitate cooperation within or among groups’ (ONS, 2001; Cote and Healy, 2001:41). It is the glue that holds organisations together and enables employees to join forces more effectively and pursue shared objectives. In a culture of continual change and uncertainty, sustainable communities are those who are collaborative and always growing with and towards each other in the formation, sharing and adaptation to new knowledge (Smith and Paquette, 2010). Some of the outcomes of social capital are social relations, trust, collaboration, mutually enforceable agreement, general reciprocity and innovation (ONS, 2001). In Semco there is mutually enforceable agreement resulting from profit sharing. In the past, Pixar had used stock to motivate employees and encourage them to stay. Also, the need to produce quality output at Pixar could be a form of mutually enforceable agreement (Price 2008, p. 114). Pay recognition: Motivation such as adequate pay, interpersonal relations and work and group dynamics are some factors that increase productivity and workers satisfaction (Mullins, 2007, p.53). Employees will be committed to work if they are being paid fairly and feel that their contribution is appreciated in the organisation. Semco’s employees set their salaries and share in the profits. As Semler (1999, P. 4) says, ‘Profit-sharing is democratic. We negotiate with our workers over the basic percentage to be distributed- about a quarter of our corporate profit.’ This has worked so well at Semco as there is very low labour turnover and when the need arises, those laid off are assisted to form their own company. Reward systems and benefits retain people and lead to workers’ satisfaction, commitment and loyalty (Chiu et al, 2002). There were times when workers salary proposal were rejected in instances of over- statement. Contrary to this is the argument that financial rewards are not enough to motivate people and that group pressure has more influence on employees than financial rewards (Mullins, 2007, p.301). In addition, people also have intrinsic motivation derives from within the individual which propels them towards the need for self actualisation and fulfilment. Learning and feedback/ Gives room for mistakes/Risk taking: Learning within projects teams depends heavily on the inflow and transfer of knowledgeable among them. Semco and Pixar are learning organisations. Such organisations give room for failure and learning from mistakes and encourage risk taking and have a wide tolerance for new ideas and do not punish mistakes. A learning organisation was defined by Johnson et al (2008) as, ‘One capable of continual regeneration from the variety of knowledge, experience and skills of individuals that encourage mutual questioning and challenge around a shared purpose or vision.’ Semler pointed out that mistake is welcome and a sign that the employee is taking enough risk. Without mistakes, there will not be learning and consequently, innovation will be stifled. Likewise at Pixar, continuous innovation requires that executives resist the natural tendencies to minimise risks and accept uncertainty to ensure originality and ability to r ecover from failures resulting from taking risks. It encourages creativity by allowing people to experiment with new ideas and mistakes genuinely made are treated as part of the learning process Emerald Group review, 2011). Mistake are not punished at Pixar but seen as building block for new ideas and innovation just like 3M. Pixar endorses and encourages a creative by rejecting hierarchical and controlled system, instead the taking of risks and recognizes the importance of serendipity in the creative process (Smith and Paquette, 2010) It has been argued that employees’ collective knowledge exceeds those of the organisation and its capabilities and managers should aim at encouraging processes that unlock employees’ knowledge and encourage information, knowledge and idea sharing which is the sort of environment both companies have created for their employees. As a narrator said, each movies produced by Pixar contains a combination of tens of thousands of ideas arising from risk taking, failure and learning. Ed Catmull said that ‘Innovative people are failure recovered not failure avoider.’ Both companies give room for reflection, learning and feedback. The benefits of learning cannot be over emphasis. Learning increases employees’ commitment, improve quality as mistakes are identified. Senge 1999 reiterated that organisational learning leads to organisational performance. Commitment: At Semco, everyone is committed to the achievement of the organisation’s objectives as they all feel a sense of belonging and part ownership of the company arising partly from the profit sharing. Employees are seen as being importance and valued. A worker in an interview said if an employee is idle, another worker will often ask why he or she is not working, reminding him or her that failure to work will reduce their profits and subsequently reduction in money for their pockets. So there is peer pressure. If employees feel that they are being trusted to take decision on their own and self manage, they will be committed. Semco operates an egalitarian company where there is no preferential treatment. Parking lots are for first come basis and all employees eat on the same canteen. Meetings are held based on the first two employees to be present. This makes employees feel as being a part of the team and big family and give them a sense of being wanted by the company. B y removing privileges of ranks, employees will see themselves as a wider community, thus feel comfortable voicing their opinion, leading to generation of new ideas. Dynamism: Semco is a highly flexible company with no boundaries to the type of business and products, making it difficult to say exactly what kind of business the company is in. There is no fixed business and it is open to any form of business that comes their way. It is also characterised with the absence of business plans and company strategy. In the words of Semler (2003, p.4), ‘ Once you say what business you are in, you create boundaries for you employees, you restrict their thinking and give them a reason to ignore new opportunities as they will say we are not in that business.’ Semco is so dynamic in its operations and processes that employees must not use one desk two days in a row. This is to make them difficult to track and are free to move and work anywhere that appeals to them be it home office. There is time flexibility as they are not concerned about when the employees arrive at work. However, contracts are negotiated on the basis of what to be achieved at a set period and what it stands to gain for paid value and what the employees get in return. It is a mutually enforceable agreement as both parties- employees and Semco benefit. Pixar, though in a core line of business of animated films, it is not to say it is not a dynamic company as different forms of films that benefits both adult and children have being produced over the years. There is effective communication at both companies due to the organisational culture and flatter structure devoid of control. There is information, idea and knowledge sharing. At Pixar, technologists communicate with the artists. SUMARY AND CONCLUSION Semco and Pixar are said to be innovative even though the companies are different in what they do and how they approach innovation. Nevertheless, some common factors in both companies is the delegation of a large amount of control to their employees and absolute freedom to take risk and give room for mistakes and failure, giving them freedom to generate new ideas and thus take a more active role and commitment. Both companies have decentralised the management structures to get employees more involved in decision making and give them a sense of belonging. They have created a culture that gives room for mistakes, failures, sharing of information, and ideas. There is also collaboration between employees, teams, departments, business units and partners, trust, social capital, communication, lack of micro-management and similar organisational culture and structure which encourages innovation. However, both companies differ in a number of ways such as absence of profit sharing at Pixar, la nguages, products, country of location and time scales. Having carried out a detailed analysis of Semco and Pixar, it is possible that what works at these companies can be applicable to other companies. However, some disadvantages will be accrued if these features are applied in another company characterised with hierarchical control culture and structure such as resistance from top management who are control freaks and unwilling to relinquish power. Moreover, not everyone will be able to self manage as some people like being controlled and told what to do. In addition, that trust and freedom work well in these organisations does not mean it can be implemented in other organisations as differences in culture and environment will play a role in determining its effectiveness in another company with different organisational culture and business environment. Having said this, nothing is worth not trying, so these managerial actions that have worked so well in these organisations can be applied to other organisations. The reward may not be see n immediately, but in the long run, it will pay off. REFERENCE ADAIR, J. 1986. Effective Team Building: How to make a Winning Team. London: Gower Publishing Co Ltd.BURNES, B. 2000. Managing Change: A Strategic Approach to Organisational Dynamics. 3rd edn. England: Pearson Education Ltd. CHIU, R. K, LUK, W.V AND TANG, T.L (2002) Retaining and motivating employees: Compensation preferences in Hong Kong and China. Personnel Review [Online journal], 31 (4), pp.402-431. Available from Emerald at http://www.emeraldinsight.com/search.htm?st1=Retaining+and+motivating+employees%3A+Compensation+preferences+in+Hong+Kong+and+Chinact=allec=1bf=1 . (April 19 2011). COTE, S AND HEALY, T. (2001) The Well-being of Nations. The role of human and social capital. 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