Preliminary Reference Procedure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Preliminary Reference Procedure - Essay Example The phrase you put for query, ‘Preliminary Reference Procedure’ is, according to Bromberg and Fenger (2010) a provisional terminology of the European Union law under the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) that indicates the provision the national court or tribune to refer a question of the EU law to the ECJ for preliminary ruling so as to enable the national court to decide the case before it on receiving that ruling. From this angle, you can consider that the functioning of the preliminary reference procedures ensures the uniformity of interpretation and validity of the EU law across all the member states in the union. In an over view, (Harris & Horspool, 2010, pp. 3-5) the preliminary reference procedure is constituted as per the guidance of Article 267 TFEU that says that if a question is raised before any court or tribunal of a Member State, and if the court considers that the decision on the question is necessary to enable it to give judgement, that court may require the Court of Justice to give a ruling of the case thereon. Simply speaking, you can consider this as the tool of the state courts at times of critical decision makings on special issues with the consolidation of the ECJ. You need to further focus on the fact that the ECJ relies on its co-operation with national courts in taking decision on the appeal of national courts. In most cases related to such conditions, the CEJ leads the role in the decision making and the national courts go in submission to ECJ in the process of co-operation and therefore, are normally guided by the EU judiciary. The preliminary reference procedure guarantees the dominance of the ECJ as it gets the legal assistance of the EU laws system and therefore the cases handled by the ECJ sometimes provide controversial options of discretionary power to the national courts, particularly in situations related to arbitrations on employment and industrial relation disputes. For instance, if you take t he disputes on issues like indirect discrimination, the EC is supportive to the benefit of employers but at the same time, this issue is sent to the national court for the review of the general principle of proportionality of the case on objective grounds. Reports and statistics may be of the effect of fading the effectiveness of the upper court’s judiciary system to decide on certain identical issues of national important, which are usually pertaining to industrial disputes; however, the system of Preliminary Reference Procedure is presently the most popular channel that connects national courts with the ECJ. For further clarity, I would like you to refer Article 254TFEU; it explains to you the validity of equality of decision making between the two courts in its original phase of inception of the law. The procedure functioned in a vicious circle that channelled the move of a question from the discretionary powers of the national court; from there, the ECJ takes into conside ration, the legality of the case under the provisions of the EU law relevant to the issue and guides the national court to take the decisions accordingly. The prominence of the law-making process based on the preliminary reference procedure has been emerged as a result of the upper hand of the ECJ on the national courts whereby each decree of the ECJ becomes the decision unanimously approved and followed by other national courts in the Union (Role of National Courts inEuropean Law 8, Dec, 2006). You can thus observe that the new tendency among the national courts paved the way for the development of EU judicial system by placing the ECJ as the Apex Court. Also, this new move

Same sex marriage Essay Example for Free

Same sex marriage Essay By making marriage the apex of intimate relationships and the primary site for interpersonal rights and responsibilities. Marriage is not â€Å"just† anintimate relationship or sacred institution but a nexus of the personaland the instrumental, the emotional and the legal. It can be whimsy andromance, but it can also be strategy and financial respite.Until your lifepartner lies dying in the hospital and you are barred from the room, oryou lose your job for taking time off to care for (and possibly grieve for)her, it may not be so immediately and painfully apparent how instrumentalmarriage rights are. It is striking, in fact, how quickly â€Å"rights†come to the forefront of the discourse for everyone, when the matterfor discussion is not simply (presumably heterosexual) â€Å"marriage† butis instead qualified as â€Å"same-sex marriage.† Put these phrases into everyday conversation and ones sees the point of departure: in a conversationamong heterosexuals, the word â€Å"marriage† is most likely broughtup when someone is talking about a â€Å"happy marriage† or a â€Å"bad marriage†Ã¢â‚¬â€an upcoming wedding or, perhaps, a marriage falling apart. Itis notably personal and relational. Add â€Å"same-sex† to the word â€Å"marriage†instead, and a political debate is invoked. It is no longer simplya personal relationship but a civil right, a â€Å"wedge issue,† or a subject oflitigation. The articulation of marriage as a right—and specifically one denied to gays and lesbians as a class—is not itself without controversy. Is the Philippines ready to frame thepursuit of marriage equality as a pursuit of â€Å"special rights† for gays and lesbians? 1.1 Statement of the problem 1. What are the factors that trigger same-sex marriage? 2. How many percent of the population are against or in favor in same-sex marriage? 3. How same-sex marriage affects society? 4. What would be the effect of same-sex marriage to Philippine society? 1.2 Significance of the study Thisstudy will help to prevent the idea of allowing two persons of the same gender to enter marriage. This prevents the trigger of dismemberment of each family. It will help the youths for not planning to enter same-sex marriage. It also helps them to recognize that same-sex marriage is showing immorality.

La notion de pouvoir

La notion de pouvoir Anthropologie politique :La notion de pouvoir Janvier 2010 Lanthropologie politique est une discipline rà ©cente qui sest dà ©veloppà ©e rà ©ellement à   partir des annà ©es 1920, mais qui tire son essence des prà ©occupations de la philosophie politique du XVIIIà ¨me sià ¨cle. En effet, cette discipline dont le projet est de fonder une science du politique, analyse la rà ©partition et lorganisation du pouvoir et des phà ©nomà ¨nes politiques qui permettent de dà ©gager une perspective commune au delà   de la diversità © culturelle. Plusieurs philosophes sont à   lorigine des prà ©occupations fondamentales de lanalyse et de la comprà ©hension des phà ©nomà ¨nes de pouvoirs politiques. Ainsi, Montesquieu, La Boà ©tie, Rousseau ou encore F. Engels et K. Marx se sont penchà ©s sur les rapports que les dominants avait à   là ©gard des dominà ©s. Cette relation de domination apparaà ®t comme un phà ©nomà ¨ne inhà ©rent au pouvoir politique institutionnel. Cependant, avec les premiers anthropologues, cest une nouvelle forme de pouvoir politique qui est valorisà ©e. Par exemple, ces à ©tudes rà ©và ¨lent lexistence de rapport de pouvoir en dehors des relations institutionnalisà ©es, inhà ©rent à   linconscient des collectività ©s, comme le sacrà © et les relations dà ©change de don, qui participent au pouvoir politique. La notion du pouvoir est lun des sujets de prà ©dilection de lanthropologie politique. LAnthropologie politique est, à   cet à ©gard, là ©tude de lorganisation et des structures politiques (au sens aristotà ©licien) au travers de leur diversità ©. Il sagit dà ¨s lors de distinguer les mà ©canismes du pouvoir ainsi que son exercice, lorganisation symbolique, consciente ou inconsciente. Doà ¹ le problà ¨me : comment en Anthropologie politique, selon les diffà ©rentes enquà ªtes ethnographiques, le pouvoir peut-il se manifester en dehors du cadre institutionnel? Cest pourquoi il est important de revenir sur les formes de pouvoirs en politique, pour comprendre par la suite lapproche minimaliste puis maximaliste. I- Les diffà ©rentes formes du pouvoir, une rà ©flexion qui cristallise lintà ©rà ªt des anthropologues politistes Tout dabord, il est important de distinguer les diffà ©rentes composantes qui organisent le pouvoir : centralisation, concentration des pouvoirs, recrutement de gouvernants, le cadre du contrat social instruit par la loi et les sanctions lors des dà ©rives individuelles. Centralisation ou dà ©centralisation de lautorità © qui peut à ªtre dà ©composà ©e en diffà ©rents segments (lignage, villages). Chez les Lobi par exemple, il ny a pas de pouvoir central, mais chaque village constitue une entità © centralisà ©e. Cette autorità © peut mà ªme sà ©tendre au-delà   du cadre territorial dans le cadre dethnies dispersà ©es comme par exemple chez les LAlemany du Fouta Djalon qui possà ¨de une autorità © morale sur tous les Peuls. Montesquieu relevait dans lEsprit des Lois, la concentration ou dispersion du pouvoir. En effet, cette notion de sà ©paration ou non des trois pouvoirs lexà ©cutif, du là ©gislatif, du judiciaire – engendre une typologie de rà ©gime. Ainsi, plus les pouvoirs sont concentrà ©s, plus le rà ©gime est tyrannique. Ainsi, dans les socià ©tà ©s traditionnelles le chef dispose à   la fois du pouvoir exà ©cutif et juridiciaire. Chez les Nuer, cest  « lhomme à   peau de Là ©opard  » qui est chargà © de rà ©soudre les conflits. La domination du pouvoir peut à ªtre là ©gitimà ©e par la transmission du pouvoir hà ©rà ©ditaire, à ©lection, dà ©volution, dà ©signation. L. de Heusch explique dans son ouvrage Du pouvoir. Anthropologie politique des socià ©tà ©s dAfrique centrale, que dans la zone tetela-hamba au Congo, socià ©tà © à   lignages patrilinà ©aires, pour devenir chef de lignage les aspirants doivent faire valoir le bien-fondà © de leurs prà ©tentions, en pratiquant des dilapidations festives et des distributions de cadeaux que lauteur nhà ©site pas à   mettre dans la mà ªme catà ©gorie que le potlatch. Les lois qui rà ©gissent nimporte quel systà ¨me politique ont pour fonction dassurer la stabilità © de la socià ©tà © en question. Par contre, elle peut aussi crà ©er des fossà ©s entre les diffà ©rentes couches de ladite socià ©tà ©, rà ©sultant en un sentiment de coercition, de contrainte. Donc le pouvoir contient un paradoxe bien à ©vident car  « il apparaà ®t, à   la fois, comme nà ©cessità © et comme danger  »; cest cette ambigà ¼ità © concernant la notion de pouvoir que G. Balandier appelle une dissymà ©trie dans les rapports sociaux. Autrement dit, là ©lite au pouvoir se reproduit dans les hautes classes. Chaque systà ¨me politique, dans la mesure oà ¹ il est là ©gitime et que la loi est connue de tous, comporte un certain nombre de contraintes afin de prà ©server un à ©quilibre en place ; il peut sagir de violence là ©gitime au sein de lEtat, de violence corporelle ou morale dans les socià ©tà ©s traditionnelles. II- Là ©mergence de lEtat ou linstitutionnalisation du pouvoir Lapproche minimaliste considà ¨re quune gestion primitive dune socià ©tà © ne serait pas une forme de gouvernement. Il existe trois crità ¨res selon les politologues qui caractà ©risent un Etat et permettent de dà ©limiter le champs politique : un territoire dà ©limità © par des frontià ¨re reconnues, le consentement des populations qui y vivent et enfin lexistence de structures organiques fondant lunità © politique. Il apparaà ®t à ©vident que le flou sà ©mantique quant aux crità ¨res caractà ©risant un Etat, prà ©sente ses limites pour les anthropologues. Ainsi, pour Balandier il est possible de confondre lEtat avec un groupe local (chefferie). Pour finir, selon M. Weber lEtat est le seul instrument de domination, qui dispose dun appareil coercitif pour orienter toute action sociale, et est lià © aux socià ©tà ©s modernes et à   la rationalisation. LEtat dispose du monopole là ©gitime de la violence. En revanche, P. Clastres qui a à ©tudià © à   partir des socià ©tà ©s amà ©rindiennes les groupes qui contrà ´lent le pouvoir soppose à   cette conception rà ©ductrice du pouvoir. Dans toutes les socià ©tà ©s, il y a du politique ; cet exercice du politique nest pas automatiquement lià © à   lexercice de la violence là ©gitime et à   la coercition. III- Lexistence dun pouvoir comme un  « fait social total  » Le pouvoir politique nest pas nà ©cessairement institutionnalisà ©. Il peut sexprimer à   travers dautres formes inhà ©rentes à   linconscient collectif.  « Il ny a pas de socià ©tà © sans gouvernement  », cest par cette phrase prononcà ©e par L. de Bonald que lon peut rà ©sumer la pensà ©e des maximalistes. Autrement dit, toutes les structures participant à   la direction dune socià ©tà © concourent au politique. A cet à ©gard, il semble important dapprà ©hender les phà ©nomà ¨nes de la Kula et du Potlatch comme expression du politique puis de comprendre limbrication du sacrà © dans le cadre du pouvoir politique pour illustrer nos propos. Dune part, le phà ©nomà ¨ne dà ©changes de biens prà ©cieux, lors du Potlatch et de la Kula, rà ©và ©là © par F. Boas et B. Malinowski mettent en à ©vidence limbrication à ©conomique et politique dans les socià ©tà ©s du nord au sud : les Tlingit, les Tsimshian, les Haida, les Bella Cola, les Kwakiutl, les Nootka, les Salish – dans un fait social total selon M. Mauss. Cette pratique ritualisà ©e et cà ©rà ©monielle de don, ne vise pas à   donner pour donner mais à   donner pour dominer et/ou recevoir en retour. Ce nest donc pas un don de gà ©nà ©rosità ©, mais un don de rà ©ciprocità ©, qui en outre comporte souvent un aspect de dà ©fi. Il enclenche ou perpà ©tue la dialectique du don et du contre-don. Le potlatch et la kula ne jouent pas sur des biens de subsistance mais sur les biens prà ©cieux. Ils constituent des stratà ©gies sociales, plus ou moins paroxystiques, qui visent à   fabriquer du prestige, et donc de la diffà ©renciation sociale. Dautre part, grà ¢ce sa capacità © à   transcender lHomme, et donc lautorità © du chef et de lEtat, le sacrà © a inà ©vitablement entretenu des tantà ´ts conflictuels des tantà ´ts pacifistes au pouvoir politique. Ainsi, Frazer sest intà ©ressà © au pouvoir de la royautà © sacrà ©e dans le rameau dor. Dans les socià ©tà ©s à   pouvoir centralisà © et quand le sacrà © est la source du pouvoir du roi, on assiste à   toutes une sà ©rie de rituels pour lintronisation dun nouveau roi pour marquer son pouvoir et rà ©organiser le politique. Ainsi, chez les Nkumu, les dà ©tenteurs du pouvoir sont investi du pouvoir sacrà ©, lekopo. De plus, Selon Aronoff ,  « Le religieux et le politique sont des domaines lià ©s depuis le dà ©but de lhumanità © de ses cultures et de ses civilisations  ». Dans les socià ©tà ©s acà ©phales il nexiste pas de frontià ¨res nettes entre les sphà ¨res politiques, à ©conomique, religieuse, parentà ©. Il sagit, en effet, dun ensemble composant le social. Ainsi, le religieux fait son apparition dans le politique à ©galement dans des socià ©tà ©s à   Etat et/ou Laà ¯que (Irlande oà ¹ le conflit religieux est en corrà ©lation avec lordre politique). Il nest pas inutile de rappeler quun gouvernement peut dà ©river directement du religieux (thà ©ocratie), que le sacrà © peut devenir des outils pour là ©gitimer le pouvoir du souverain ou du groupe dominant. De mà ªme, la religion peut à ©galement fournir des structures sous jacente manipulable par les dà ©tenteurs du pouvoir. Enfin, Evans-Pritchard dà ©veloppe une analyse des relations et des institutions au sein de peuple, en apparence, dà ©pourvu de gouvernement tout en rà ©pondant aux exigences comparatistes et thà ©oriques. Parallà ¨lement il propose une à ©bauche typologique et contribue à   donner un và ©ritable statut scientifique. Par ailleurs E.E. Evans-Pritchard dà ©veloppe son analyse en mettant en relation le politique avec là ©conomique, le culturel et le religieux ; intà ©rà ªt fondamental dans des socià ©tà ©s oà ¹ tout est à ©troitement imbriquà © (dà ©marche fonctionnaliste). En conclusion, lhistoire de lanthropologie tant à   dà ©montrer que la politique est le synonyme et le frà ¨re jumeau du pouvoir. Le pouvoir politique nest pas seulement un contrat social mais il est aussi un rapport de force consistant en un à ©quilibre fragile. Les concepts de là ©gitimità ©, de pouvoir et de coercition restent des notions incontournables en anthropologie politique mais celui de pouvoir a prà ©sà ©ance sur les autres. Peu importe la socià ©tà ©, sa stabilità © est basà ©e sur un à ©quilibre approximatif et le pouvoir doit jouer le rà ´le de stabilisateur pour protà ©ger la socià ©tà © contre ses propres dà ©faillances soit par la force, soit par des ententes tout en restant fidà ¨le à   ses principes vitaux assurant sa survie. Ce domaine nà ©cessaire au politologue permet de dà ©centrer le regard au-delà   des conceptions classiques concernant cette notion. Il est intà ©ressant de finir par lutilisation de la dà ©marche à ©pistà ©mologique, dans les sciences politiques, relative à   des aspirations ethnographiques en citant un article paru dans la Revue Franà §aise de science politique. En effet, lauteur, Olivier IHL revient sur les formes et usages dune technique de vote : lurne à ©lectorale. Ainsi, il dà ©finit la scà ©nographie relative au vote et la mise en scà ¨ne qui sorganise autour de lurne à ©lectorale ainsi que la sacralisation de cet outil cher à   lexercice de la dà ©mocratie. Ce qui nest pas sans rappeler G. Balandier qui dans son ouvrage anthropologie politique revient sur la sacralità © du politique en à ©nonà §ant cette phrase :  « le rapport du pouvoir à   la socià ©tà © est essentiellement une relation chargà ©e de sacralità ©  »

Death of the General in O’Connor’s A Late Encounter with the Enemy Essa

Death of the General in O’Connor’s A Late Encounter with the Enemy I did an analysis of the paragraph where the General passes away (page 143 in my edition of The Complete Stories of Flannery O’Connor) The most obvious thing about this paragraph is that is that the General’s death is portrayed as death during battle. The title â€Å"The Late Encounter with the Enemy† is very appropriate because the general views his death as such. The most obvious thing about this paragraph is that it is like a battle. Words are used as bullets in this paragraph. For example, â€Å"He couldn’t protect himself from the words and attend to the procession too and the words were coming at him fast.†(143) makes it really seem like a battle. Since he was a general, it would be appropriate that his death be viewed as a battle. The grim reaper like figure in the black robe immediately identifies the presence of death. It seems pretty clear that death is his enemy in this case. This example indicates that; â€Å"Then he saw the figure in the black robe sit down and there was a noise and the black pool in the front ...

The Virgin Group

Sam Yates-Smith Student ID: 000292201 CASE STUDY 6 THE VIRGIN GROUP 1. The corporate rationale of the Virgin group is to re-ignite static industries, with fresh ideas and developments, thus offering the consumer differentiation. Diversification is an extremely important attribute of Virgins rationale. Their SBU’s improve Virgin’s scope and therefore its existing markets and products. Virgin uses the ideology of ‘the corporate parent’ to add structure and guidance to its various business units, which in turn adds value due to the effective, disciplined approach that the rationale provides. . There are certain strategic relationships between businesses within the Virgin portfolio, these lie in ‘economies of scope’. This term refers to the notion that the Virgin groups have synergy amongst its SBU’s, therefore utilizing free standing tangible and intangible resources in order to fully comprehend and fulfill a particular new environment or m arket. This adds value to a new market whilst ensuring resources are not wasted. An example within Virgin would be their research into the global oil market and the search for greener fuels for its airlines. 3. Virgin as a corporate parent adds value to its group via the collective ambition and ideology which is ascertained via the strength of the Virgin brand. One aspect of Virgins Corporate parenting is the ideology of ‘envisioning’. Virgin provides ‘strategic intent’ by laying certain ideologies for its SBU’s to follow. This provides discipline and strong methodologies for the units to adhere too. Another element of ‘value adding’ via Virgins parenthood can be explained using the BCG matrix. The Virgin group’s portfolio shows high market share and strong growth within their markets. These positive denotations enable management to visualize the potential of concurrent markets and ensure growth is fully realized. 4. ‘’The greatest threat that the Virgin brand may become associated with failure’’ (Johnson et al, 2009). This signifies one of the issues facing the Virgin group. The larger the Virgin portfolio gets, the more issues they will face regarding the density of their diversification and therefore ensuring consumers are not undermined and loyalty is retained. Another issue is that of waning portfolio and growth which is susceptible to ‘slowing down’. Recognition of ‘Stars’ (BCG) turning into ‘Dogs’ is extremely important to ensure the correct visualization is atoned for and that growth is relative to the portfolio’s strength as a whole and not allowed to become complacent, leading to surplus resources and market share. 1

Theyre Out essays

They're Out essays Have you ever experienced a moment when destiny seemed to be shining up on you? You might have been having an ordinary night out with friends where everything just seemed to click. The food was great. The company was incredible. You had this feeling in the pit of your stomach that this must be it. Maybe you even questioned if it was too good to be true. Then the next weekend, the same group of friends gets together, goes to the same places, does the same activities, but somehow the night falls flat. No matter how hard you try to regain the original excitement you just arent able to accomplish it. I think everyone can relate. Each of us has had moments in our lives where at a particular moment in time, we felt it couldnt get any better, or the moment could not become any more real. For Clifford Geertz, in his essay entitled, Deep Play; Notes on a Balinese Cockfight, there are some defining moments during his time studying Bali that I think he would say he felt he had exper ienced an authentic moment. I would go so far as to say that Walker Percy, in his essay The Loss of the Creature, would agree. But this isnt how Geertzs experience begins. Geertz begins his essay by describing the almost woeful emotions of being the outsider in Bali. The Balinese (if we are to believe Geertz) are a people that treat outsiders or foreigners as if they dont really exist. In fact, Geertz begins the first paragraph of his essay by stating that he and his wife were seen as intruders. He continues, telling us that they were nonpersons, specters, invisible. I got the mental image of trying to have a conversation with someone and all the while the individual looks right past you. It is from Geertzs own admission that I would contend that what Percy would call having an authentic it experience, is something that Geertz lacks, at ...

Millenium Dome,UK

Millenium Dome,UK Introduction:The UK government established the Millennium Experience Company (MEC) in 1996 to build and run the Millennium Dome. The Millennium Experience is a limited company governed by the companies' acts and wholly owned by the government.The dome was built on the Greenwich site, which was proclaimed as home of time to celebrate the new Millennium. It was also intended to go back into the history books alongside the great exhibition of 1851 which heralded the industrialization of Britain, and the festival of British of 1951, which captured the mood of national revival after the Second World War .The Dome is the largest structure of its kind in the world, over one kilometre in circumference, 50 meter high at the centre and covering over 20 acres of ground space. Though it was designed as a one year temporary structure, its life span could be extended to around 20 years by maintaining and replacing roof panels.The Millennium Dome at night, Sept 2000The Millennium Experience Company roped in ‚Â £750 million from national lottery money, private companies and other sponsorships.The dome was built to hold the millennium exhibition till the end of Dec 2000 and then to be sold to a private investor.The current Problem:Since the Millennium Dome was closed for visitors from 31st Dec, 2000, the Millennium Experience Company has been facing financial crisis in running the empty Dome. This is due to the reason that the MEC did not manage to find an appropriate buyer the end of year 2000 as it had planned.The MEC has been constantly under criticism form the opposition party and the general public for its mismanagement. The company has been spending huge amounts of taxpayer's funds into the maintenance of the Dome. The maintenance cost for the dome have significantly increased over a period of...

Birth Control Pills - Why Theyre Free

Birth Control Pills - Why Theyre Free American insurance companies are required to provide birth control pills and other forms of contraception at no cost to women under guidelines announced by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in August 2011. The insurance rules calling for free birth control pills take effect on Aug. 1, 2012, and expand medical coverage under the health care reform law signed by President Barack Obama, The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The Affordable Care Act helps stop health problems before they start, said then Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius. These historic guidelines are based on science and existing literature and will help ensure women get the preventive health benefits they need. At the time the rules were announced 28 states required health insurance companies to pay for birth control pills and other forms of contraception. Reaction to Free Birth Control Pills The rule requiring insurers to provide birth control for women at no cost was met with praise from family-planning organizations, and criticism from the health care industry and conservative activists. Cecile Richards, president of Planned Parenthood Federation of America, described the Obama administration rule as being a historic victory for womens health and women across the country. Covering birth control without co-pays is one of the most important steps we can take to prevent unintended pregnancy and keep women and children healthy, Richards said in a prepared statement. Conservative activists argued that taxpayer money should not be used to pay for contraception, and the healthcare industry said the move would force them to raise premiums and increase the cost of coverage to consumers. How Insurers Will Provide Birth Control Pills The rules give women access to all Food and Drug Administration-approved contraceptive methods, sterilization procedures, and patient education and counseling. The measure does not include abortifacient drugs or emergency contraception. The coverage rules allow insurers to use reasonable medical management to help define their coverage and keep costs down. For example, they will still be allowed to charge copayments for brand-name drugs if a generic version is available and is just as effective and safe for the patient. Copayments, or copays, are paid by consumers when they purchase prescriptions or go to their doctors. Birth control pills cost as much as $50 a month under many insurance plans. Religious institutions that offer insurance to their employees have the choice of whether to cover birth control pills and other contraception services. Reason for Free Birth Control Pills The Department of Health and Human Services considers the provision of birth control pills as necessary preventive health care. Before health reform, too many Americans didnt get the preventive health care they need to stay healthy, avoid or delay the onset of disease, lead productive lives, and reduce health care costs, the agency said. Often because of cost, Americans used preventive services at about half the recommended rate. The government described family planning services as being an essential preventive service for women and critical to appropriately spacing and ensuring intended pregnancies, which results in improved maternal health and better birth outcomes. Other Preventative Measures Covered Under the rules announced in 2011, insurers are also required to provide, at no cost to consumers: well-woman visits;screening for gestational diabetes;human papillomavirus DNA testing for women 30 years and older;sexually-transmitted infection counseling;human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening and counseling;breastfeeding support, supplies, and counseling;and domestic violence screening and counseling. 2018: Trump Weakens Birth Control Coverage Mandate On November 7, 2018, the Trump administration issued two final regulations allowing employers to deny women insurance coverage for birth control measures as a preventative health service. The first of the two rules issued by the Department of Health and Human Services allows exemptions to the Obamacare contraceptive coverage mandate for entities that object to such coverage based on religious beliefs. The second final rule allows coverage exemptions to nonprofit organizations and small businesses that have moral, non-religious objections to contraception. â€Å"The Departments estimate the exemptions may affect the coverage of approximately 6,400 women, and state that in no case will they impact more than 127,000 women, which the Departments suggest is far more than will actually be impacted,† said the Department in a press release. The religious and moral exemptions provided by the rules apply to institutions of education, issuers, and individuals. However, the exemption for moral beliefs does not extend to publicly traded businesses, and neither the moral nor the religious exemption apply to federal government agencies or entities, according to the Department. â€Å"These rules affect a small fraction of the 165 million women in the U.S.† Stated the Department. â€Å"The rules leave in place contraceptive coverage guidelines where no religious or moral objection exists, and they do not change the Health Resources and Services Administration’s authority to decide whether to include contraceptives in the women’s preventive services guidelines for other entities.† Issued in the form of federal regulations at the direction of a presidential executive order, rather than an act of Congress, the rules may be amended or repealed at any time by the current or future presidential administrations. Updated by Robert Longley

Thesis proposal for business analytics (Information Technology)

For business analytics (Information Technology) - Thesis Proposal Example One of the best elements of BI is the fact that it reduces any ‘guesswork’. Moreover, it allows the organization to understand customer behavior in a much meaning ful way. According to Business Intelligence (2014), a huge aspect of BI is the collaboration aspect as it allows users to interact and use this data. Imagine an organization in which the marketing department requires key reports from the technology department. Clearly, the issue of latency can be a factor that can delay essential decision making. With the boom of e-commerce, this has become even more pivotal. For many decades, companies have established itself as one of the most premiere companies internationally(BI, 2014). In order to harness the growth of customers worldwide, McDonald’s has created data warehousing that has allowed the company to understand the customers, track inventory, and monitor financials. All of these components are integrated in one dashboard that has harnessed BI. Solution: A centralized information from all the sources (e.g. point-of-sale (POS) system, equipment monitoring, etc) where all sorts of information, real-time feeds and legacy information, can be monitored and analyzed in most efficient and precise way via data warehousing. Oracle ERP system, which can handle most day-to-day business functions, would serve as the hub. POS and other devices use business intelligence software to gather sales information and marketing data, which is then transferred to an Oracle database for analysis. In addition this would facilitates organizations with robust information, which can include mitigating risks. The main objective of using Oracle software with other systems is to perform integration among different systems so everything is centralized thus the information. Liebowitz (2006) states that a BI approach would also help them to perform product management that is to monitor the quality of product and tools that are used for business, this all can be

Impact of the human activities on the sustainability of cities Essay

Impact of the human activities on the sustainability of cities - Essay Example This urbanization then results to increasing numbers of people in these particular areas and hence continued and sustainable growth of the towns. This growth or even the sprouting of the new towns can be attributed to the fact that the new populations are always scrambling for the limited facilities. Therefore, the investors on pointing the new market niches ventures to the cities and hence the whole process of urbanization continues. In this essay, we will seek to explore the activities these people carry-out and their effects in these areas before and after inhabiting the cities. Shenzhen city in China will be used as a case study. Human activities in urban areas can be categorized into two main categories: positive and the negative activities. On the positive side, we will seek to elaborate those activities enhance not only the areas that this entire process of urbanization takes place but also the human beings themselves and the entire ecosystem. We will also highlight the merits this process brings about in the long run (Myron, 2001). On the other hand, in the negative side, we will seek to explain the human effects that the urbanization process has brought about to the ecosystem and the possible results of this process to human life and the entire ecosystem. Effects of human activities in cities are of great concern to everyone who has interests on the sprawling of cities. Investment is one of the major human activities in the process. We are living in a business world whereby everyone aspires to maximize their returns on every single cent they invest in any venture. It is, therefore, true to say that investors deserve the biggest part of the credit for urbanization. Well, how do investors contribute to this? First and foremost it is important to know that the main reason people move from rural areas to urban centers in their endeavor to secure employment and hence better

Writing in the Visual Age Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Writing in the Visual Age - Research Paper Example While some emphasize the need to essentially teach rhetorical analysis of images to the students of a writing class, others advocate the importance of aural or textual messages by claiming that no matter how skillfully designed, pictures or images should not be considered to be more capable both emotionally and informatively in comparison to words. Those favoring the newly introduced development of visual rhetoric stress on the importance of photographs and deem them as elements significantly capable of providing more obvious evidence to the public. This paper is basically an attempt to explain why visual rhetoric should be taught as part of a writing class while also acknowledging the opposing ideas put forward by critics weighing the credibility of visual rhetoric in a writing class. This paper will also include some suggestions about how effective actions could be made to enhance the position and validity of visual rhetoric in context of composition studies. This is important beca use though some people might be able to institute change on some levels, it again leaves many educationists and teachers to deal with depressing frustration when visual communication fails to stick for long. I... isually demonstrate how Europe brought the light of literacy and humanity to the dark land of Congo, she filled the star in the flag with very meaningful images of slavery and explorers and the blue field around it with several though-provoking and informative images of old African art. Such useful incorporation of visual rhetoric not only must have delivered more inspirational, interesting, informative, and emotional lesson to the class but it also must have made the whole class remember the logic behind the flag’s design for a longer period. This is understandable as in contrast to a teacher who likes to simply stand behind the rostrum sticking to very conventional and orthodox teaching strategies is certainly much less likely to convey a deeper understanding of a subject to his/her students than a teacher who prefers to institute change and benefit from strategies like using visual rhetoric to demonstrate the meaning and logic behind a concept. Majority of the researchers a t the Wharton School of Business concluded after comparing verbal presentations to visual presentations that â€Å"presenters who combined visual and verbal components were more persuasive† (MacroVU, Inc.). Students are much more likely to reason with a complex dilemma which might be puzzling them when teachers feel motivated to visually explain the confusing parts which is why visual rhetoric should be taught as part of a writing class. It is claimed by Williams in support of the visual mode of communication that this mode literally challenges the people to both see and perceive an image in many different new ways unlike verbal or textual messages (18). Visual communication is the name of a very reasonable and self-evident strategy which should not be underestimated. The research stresses that

Media Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Media Ethics - Essay Example No one seems to be protected and the number of victims of violence, and in so many cases murder continues every year. This calendar year is no different and so will the forthcoming years unless actions will be done, both locally and on a global level. The following stories are just some of the many that remain prevalent in so many countries. And to think that all are well within barely two months after the ‘ball dropped’ so to speak on the New Year. One cannot help but be appalled and flabbergasted as to the number and parallelism of these stories. Indeed, no good deed remains unpunished. Maybe there is much truth in what Pablo Neruda refers to as, â€Å"the whore freedom, the land with no overcoat† (â€Å"Injustice†). The list begins with Basil Ibrahim Faraj, a cameraman of the Palestinian Media and Communication Company who was killed last January 7, 2009 in Gaza. Faraj and company’s car was not the target but was caught in between the attack. Ando Ratovonirina from Madagascar was working for Radio Tà ©là ©vision Analamanga (RTA), witnesses claim he was shot by presidential guards, nonetheless, while in a demonstration against the administration in Antananarivo covering the story. The Associated Press (AP) reports 167 injured and 25 killed in the incident. Another radio and newspaper reporter, Uma Singh, was attacked by 15 people who stabbed Singh to death last January 11 in Janakpur, Nepal. Local journalists and other groups believe that those with motive for the murder include Maoist workers who she openly condemns for her father and brother’s kidnapping and murder back in 2006. Freelance correspondent and ‘Novaya Gazeta’ contributor Anastasiya Baburova was shot an d killed by someone in a ski mask last January 19. She was with Stanislav Markelov, a human rights lawyer after the latter had just given a press conference. The attacker shot at Markelov execution-style according to reports in the prosecutor-generals office. Apparently,

Combat Medicine Ancient Times to the present Research Paper

Combat Medicine Ancient Times to the present - Research Paper Example In most parts of the world, armies were mobilized when the need to engage in warfare arose. This means militaries have been mainly unprofessional and so has the medical services related to the military over the past years. This paper examines the history of combat medicine and medical and health intervention in military settings. The paper will examine the earliest methods and approaches used to deal with military health issues and how this was evolved over the centuries. In order to undertake this study, the core aim of the research will be to examine the origins, history and development of combat medicine from ancient times to the present. In order to conduct the study, the following objectives will be explored: In prehistoric times, disagreements between people were resolved by individual battles and hand-to-hand combats. However, as societies evolved and more people lived together in larger communities, conflicts between communities became more complicated and better weapons were invented to inflict more fatal injuries to people1. The seriousness of the wounds inflicted by modern weapons led the the need for more effective and efficient ways of dealing with the wounds inflicted in warfare. This led to the consolidation of military and combat medicine from inception to about 2,000 BCE. Most of the earliest treatment systems for combat victims were mainly done through metaphysical methods. People used what will be known today as faith-healing to deal with their wounds and other war-oriented medical complications because that was what was in vogue and accepted in different nations and communities around the world. The metaphysical approach to dealing with war wounds and war medications involved the use of alchemy, astrology and the calling up of deities and angels to help to deal with the wounds and other challenges of warfare2. However, the data and

Legality of downloading mp3 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8750 words

Legality of downloading mp3 - Research Paper Example The first chapter of the paper, called â€Å"Status-quo of the illegal mp3 downloads† will analyze in the two sub-chapters the statistics and the damages of the illegal file sharing both in the national and international context and it will critically analyze the legal issues that arise from the mp3 downloads and the attempts of reforming the Canadian copyright law. The context in which illegal mp3 download can be justified in the Canadian legislative context will be studied, too. Nowadays, when there are so many talented singers, it has become a lot easier to listen to their music by using the Internet, rather than buying a licensed CD. This way, the consumer is happy, because he listens to whatever kind of music he likes, the singer is popular, because his music is downloaded from the Net thousands times per day, sometimes even more, so, at first sight, it is a win-win situation. Nevertheless, singing for the artist is a job; it is his way of earning money, so by downloading his â€Å"job† from illegal sites, the consumer is actually stealing his intellectual property, â€Å"forgetting† to pay for it. There are many contradictory opinions on this subject, and the fact that day by day the number of illegal mp3 downloads grows just makes the matter more and more actual and painful for the people whose work is being stolen. Transmitting mp3 files over the Internet has become by far the most popular method of distribution, generating in this way controversial and intense debates. The Canadians are among the lucky ones, however. The legislation permits downloading mp3 files from the internet, as long as they are not shared by the user. While the neighbors – the Americans are afraid to even enter a pirate website under the threat of a lawsuit, Canadians encounter no restriction whatsoever in downloading whatever kind of music they

Media Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Media Ethics - Essay Example No one seems to be protected and the number of victims of violence, and in so many cases murder continues every year. This calendar year is no different and so will the forthcoming years unless actions will be done, both locally and on a global level. The following stories are just some of the many that remain prevalent in so many countries. And to think that all are well within barely two months after the ‘ball dropped’ so to speak on the New Year. One cannot help but be appalled and flabbergasted as to the number and parallelism of these stories. Indeed, no good deed remains unpunished. Maybe there is much truth in what Pablo Neruda refers to as, â€Å"the whore freedom, the land with no overcoat† (â€Å"Injustice†). The list begins with Basil Ibrahim Faraj, a cameraman of the Palestinian Media and Communication Company who was killed last January 7, 2009 in Gaza. Faraj and company’s car was not the target but was caught in between the attack. Ando Ratovonirina from Madagascar was working for Radio Tà ©là ©vision Analamanga (RTA), witnesses claim he was shot by presidential guards, nonetheless, while in a demonstration against the administration in Antananarivo covering the story. The Associated Press (AP) reports 167 injured and 25 killed in the incident. Another radio and newspaper reporter, Uma Singh, was attacked by 15 people who stabbed Singh to death last January 11 in Janakpur, Nepal. Local journalists and other groups believe that those with motive for the murder include Maoist workers who she openly condemns for her father and brother’s kidnapping and murder back in 2006. Freelance correspondent and ‘Novaya Gazeta’ contributor Anastasiya Baburova was shot an d killed by someone in a ski mask last January 19. She was with Stanislav Markelov, a human rights lawyer after the latter had just given a press conference. The attacker shot at Markelov execution-style according to reports in the prosecutor-generals office. Apparently,

Legality of downloading mp3 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8750 words

Legality of downloading mp3 - Research Paper Example The first chapter of the paper, called â€Å"Status-quo of the illegal mp3 downloads† will analyze in the two sub-chapters the statistics and the damages of the illegal file sharing both in the national and international context and it will critically analyze the legal issues that arise from the mp3 downloads and the attempts of reforming the Canadian copyright law. The context in which illegal mp3 download can be justified in the Canadian legislative context will be studied, too. Nowadays, when there are so many talented singers, it has become a lot easier to listen to their music by using the Internet, rather than buying a licensed CD. This way, the consumer is happy, because he listens to whatever kind of music he likes, the singer is popular, because his music is downloaded from the Net thousands times per day, sometimes even more, so, at first sight, it is a win-win situation. Nevertheless, singing for the artist is a job; it is his way of earning money, so by downloading his â€Å"job† from illegal sites, the consumer is actually stealing his intellectual property, â€Å"forgetting† to pay for it. There are many contradictory opinions on this subject, and the fact that day by day the number of illegal mp3 downloads grows just makes the matter more and more actual and painful for the people whose work is being stolen. Transmitting mp3 files over the Internet has become by far the most popular method of distribution, generating in this way controversial and intense debates. The Canadians are among the lucky ones, however. The legislation permits downloading mp3 files from the internet, as long as they are not shared by the user. While the neighbors – the Americans are afraid to even enter a pirate website under the threat of a lawsuit, Canadians encounter no restriction whatsoever in downloading whatever kind of music they

Role in sports in popular culture Essay Example for Free

Role in sports in popular culture Essay Many people around the world have enjoyed playing many sports and have been for a very long time. Of course ancient Olympics, medieval aristocrats, cave people, and hordes of peasants kicking a ball from one village to the next is, despite the genealogy, rather far removed from sports as we know them today (History of Sports, 2012). With the history of sports we can go back and look at many sports, the earliest that the sport of baseball was present in the United States goes all the way back to 1791. It was not until 1845 that the New York Knickerbockers were founded. (History of Sports, 2012). Many people today have used sports as a useful way for the people to increase their mastery of nature and the environment that they live in. Many sports have utilized the humans own basic skills to develop and exercise their own human agility and show others what they can do on their own. When we look at the sports of today, either be the National Football League (NFL), Major League Baseball (MLB), National Basketball Association (NBA) many people can understand where all of these athletes had to do to get where they are at. It can all go back to when those athletes were young kids and those people that have known them for a long time can experience how good they are and the power and wealth that comes to those athletes that have practiced and mastered their skills to advance to those different leagues of professionalism. Many professional athletes have experienced their own wealth and power in their sports no matter what sport they are in. When athletes get to that point when they get a large amount of money for what they do on the field or courts, what comes with that is they will try to receive the power as well. Many athletes think that they are worth a lot of money for what they do as a professional athlete. Today, in its current state, many athletes make plenty of money to support themselves for the rest of their lives, and with that type of wealth and money, there will always be talk of why we are paying those athletes that type of money and why do the owners of those teams pay that amount. The owners know that they will have the power to negotiate and have the athlete know who has the power to make things happen. Wealth and power in sports degrades the essence of sports from an enjoyment perspective. Players for all sports are always negotiating for a better deal, working on contract negotiations, and arguing about trade negotiations. These types of negotiations just remove the player who once enjoyed and truly love playing the sport. All of the sudden, it has become a business. Sports should be played with heart. Do the owner and franchise teams help in this matter? In my opinion, they are the culprit. There is a constant battle to gain headlines with the next big contract totaling hundreds of millions of dollars for said number of years. There is a constant battle for endorsements to sign the next potential superstar to help sell shoes or the new line of thirst quenchers. There is a constant battle among agents to exploit players into this world consumed by wealth and how success is is measured. For the pure enjoyment of playing a sport, it’s truly gone. It’s an assembly line where media and fame have crossed their boundaries as they measure athletes by wealth and power. The fans are just as guilty as we continue to pay ridiculous ticket prices and purchase over-priced jerseys and memorabilia. The level of influence we have as fans is more like an addicted customer who can’t walk away from the product. There is increasing value added to rising players and their performance level. For the athletes, wealth and power have consumed their level of importance. They have no longer become a trainable, tailored athlete to a specific level where coaching dominates the team. Wealth and power have excluded most players from accepting a team concept through the visions of their coach. There is a sense of individualism among the wealthiest and most recognized players. Depending on the sport, some of those players ignore the coach or disrespect them altogether. Some could chalk up this attitude to personality conflicts that occur on any level of sports, but there is too much consistency with sports and how wealth and power have influenced those players. If wealth and power in sports could be a stock available for investment opportunities on the NASDAQ stock exchange, it would most likely be the best investment anyone could make. There is rarely a decline as players contracts continue to increase and venues continue raise prices. Most sports fans see the great athletes starting their careers soon after completing high school. Two sports icons that come to mind are Kobe Bryan and Dwight Howard. All athletes are considered role models for young people on the court and off the court. It is for that reason players need to very cognizant of their environment and their behavior. Athletes that are fortunate enough to make it to the professional ranks usually hire managers, trainers, coaches, attorneys and publicist. Players are advertised everywhere in our society. They do endorsements for restaurants, stores, energy drinks, and foot wear. Some even have their own clothing line. Players must be at their best in every aspect of their lives. Always being watched, they are examples to the next generation. Fans of these great entertainers are just as responsible for their dress and their behavior. Children must be the primary and most important focus of our society. We begin to teach our youth immediately and this must be at the forefront of our creations and thoughts. Parents need to learn everything about the business to be able to guide their teenagers if they decided to go professional in sports. Recommendations in consuming and participation include continuing to coach and mentor our children from a young age to create the athletes we wish to see. That is where it begins. It starts with families and family morals, discipline and love. Alcohol and drugs should be discussed frequently with care. At every level of school or competition there must be rules and regulations, love, checks and balances. Sports over many generations have basically become a money making issue. No one says on national TV that they love the sport and would play for free. It is a business. We can no longer think of sports as something fun for our children because in the backs of these parents minds their children just might be good enough for the big time and their futures may be filled with money. References Kobe Bryan Biography. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. biography. com Highest-Paid Athletes 2012 the World’s Richest. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. therichest. org Ogonsji, A. S. (2012). International Journal of business Social Science [University of Phoenix Custom Edition eBook]. : . Retrieved from Ebscohost, website. Athletes as Role Models. (1998, February). Current Health, 24(6), 25. Ebscohost. com.

Talent Management In Current Economic Conditions Management Essay

Talent Management In Current Economic Conditions Management Essay INTRODUCTION: The present global economy has not only created a complex but dynamic environment as well and the firms need to learn how to compete effectively and efficiently in order to achieve viable growth. (Briscoe et al, 2009 and Friedman, 2005).But one of the greatest obstacles for the success of an organization is due to shortage of workforces with needed enthusiasm and competencies. Even in the period of recession talent management practices have been put aside in order to cut cost. However it is at this time that the strategies of the company should be reassessed and practices of talent management should be encouraged. The organization needs to ensure, in order to have success, that they are having right people with the needed qualities at the right time and in right location. (U.S. Department of the Interior Office of Personnel Policy, 2001) In this essay I would be explaining the meaning of talent management, along with a history (in the appendix) and then I would be critically analyzing the importance of talent management in current economic conditions followed by a conclusion and the learning outcome. TALENT MANAGEMENT: There is no proper definition of talent management as each organization thinks differently. To some organization it is about managing the highly talented individuals having specialized skills which helps the organization to withstand the market and for the others it is about managing the talent i.e. all people have talent and it should be identified and then to train them as per the requirement of the organization. Most of the talent management decisions are done based on core competency of an organization and the skills required for the particular position. Thus talent management is basically a recruitment of people both internally as well as externally, developing them in line with the organizations current business goals, and then promoting and retaining those people for the future business goals. These all functional aspects are done by human resource department who work in line with the companys business goals. (Sundararajan, 2009) ROLE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT IN CURRENT ECONOMIC CONDITIONS: In the current economic downturn most of the organizations around the world have taken tough decisions in terms of managing their talent. Most of the companies has slashed jobs, reduced training and development budget on their staff and have put talent management programmers on hold or have cancelled. The HR professionals are put under pressure by the companies to cut cost. (Bersin, 2008) Even the demographics are considered to be an important for success of an organization and are also the main driver for talent management challenge. Nearly 70 million baby boomers are expected to stop working in U.S. in the next 15 years and only 40 million workforce are expected to retire in the similar period, thus creating a shortage of workers. (Adecco, 2008). All the above shows that how significant is talent management practices and the job which HR plays is a launch pad of talent mindset. But the companies, thinking of bright future prospects have taken a positive approach towards their business and also managing their talents in the  present economic downturn. The companies which have implemented well controlled talent management programs have not only helped the company to overcome short term business challenges but it has relocated the company to achieve long term success and growth. It also has helped the organizations to increase their profits by employing the right people at the right time. (Deloitte,2009). A recent survey conducted by Bersin Associates(2009) have shown that the organizations which have implemented talent management programs have achieved a 60% higher return as compared to the organization that have not implemented it. Thus the organizations have felt the importance of effective talent management processes and have focused more on retaining their highly skilled people and reviewing their systems to ensure that they have maximum return on inve stment. There is an important requirement of knowledge workers, in an organization, having precise skills which are developed through extensive learning and guidance. These workers have created an essential impact on the success of the company. (Jackson,Hitt and DeNisi, 2003). Most of the organizations require constant innovative products to satisfy the needs of the customer. These can be done only through the workforces of the company. This shows that how the talent management practice is crucial to success. Even most of the multinational organizations have felt the need of these workforces and for these they are moving to other countries to recruit and hire talent people. They always look out to enter into new markets as quickly as possible before their competitor does as this helps them to hire the best talent at best prices which helps the organization to remain competitive in this global environment.(Schuler Jackson, 2009) The talent management programs are vital for an organization as it brings a greater long term benefits as compared to short term benefits. Thus the organization needs to have a long term mindset which is crucial in period of economic instability as it brings benefits to the organization than cutting cost in the short term. SHORTCOMINGS OF TALENT MANAGEMENT: As per Cappelli, the large corporations especially in U.S. talent management practices have become dysfunctional leading to the failure of its practices. The main two reasons for its failures are firstly the surpluses of employees during downturn leading to layoffs and reshuffle and secondly the lack of adequate talent resulting in talent crisis. (Cappelli, 2008) The talent management practices in U.S. were done in two ways that were equally ineffective and fruitless. The most regular practice done by the U.S. companies is that they never did anything nor made any plans to combat the crisis of talent. Thus whenever they require a new talent or any employee leaves the job, they relied on outside hiring to fulfill the gap of talent which proved to be costly.(Cappelli,2008) The second approach which is commonly used among older companies is that they relied on multifaceted and authoritative models of 1950 for forecasting and succession planning. This legacy system proved to be a great success when the business was predictable. But in the present economic conditions, where the environment is unstable and unpredictable, it was very tough to have a long term succession planning.(Cappelli, 2008) The companies could not forecast of how many employees would be staying with them once the development program was completed. Thus whenever an important vacancy occurs, the candidate identified as a successor may not be able to meet the needs of the job because of the unstable environment. The company then searches for the talent from outside to fill the gap. This outcome resulted to have a negative impact. Firstly the candidate feels betrayed as the succession plan creates an implicit promise and secondly the investment made in developing these candidates is wasted.  (Cappelli,2008) As per Cappelli, the survey conducted shows that nearly two third of the American companies are not doing any sort of manpower planning nor predicting how many employees are required and the advice they got was to return to the traditional practices of 1950s and create a long term succession plans. For implementing these plans they need to ensure that some sort of planning are done or else the company may have to depend on outside hiring to fill those gaps. The problems related to outside hiring is that it led to the problem of retention of current workers as they feel demoralized and also the cost of hiring a new employee is also very high. (Cappelli, 2008) IMPACT OF ECONOMIC CRISIS ON TALENT MANAGEMENT: Whenever an economic crisis occurs, the first and foremost which the organization does is to make deep reductions in cost by eliminating jobs and also eliminating any cost related to recruitment and professional development. Even the learning and development budget gets reduced. This results in two different scenarios: firstly the people get promoted without having necessary talent, knowledge or exposure to execute the roles effectively and secondly the studies have shown that the employees greatly value the growth of their own talent and thus plummeting the training and budget cost. This results in reduced self-esteem and act as a de-motivator for the employee and it also leads the employee to leave their job.(Insight Research, 2009) Most of the organizations have downscale their business by removing the workforces mainly due to global economic and financial conditions. The research conducted in the area of talent management have reflected that the impact of loss was not felt initially but later on it did make the organization to realize their mistake, when they had no employee with the required knowledge and skills to either foresee or solve problems that occurred. (Collins Mellahi,2009) Finally whenever a crisis occurs the managers shouldnt forget about talent management practices. They should take time to vigilantly re-evaluate their talent management strategy and make sure that they are using their largest talent their staff- as effectively as possible.(Street,2008) CONCLUSION: The most novel way to manage the talent is to use the four values drawn from the operations of supply chain management .The two of them address the improbability in the demand side and the other two addresses the supply side. Make and Buy to Manage Risk: having too much of employees are expensive. So the best way to combat such problems is to develop less candidates than the future requirement and if there is shortfall of talent then it can be hired from outside. The organization must carefully review where to put their assets as some positions can be easily crammed by outside talent.(Cappelli,2008) Adapt to the uncertainty in Talent demand: the actual requirement of talent in future is uncertain and hence the company should employ the demand in shorter groups. Then these groups are selected in regular interval thus putting fewer burdens on the management and also the employees are given general common training to all, and then they are send them back to their jobs to specialize.(Cappelli,2008) Improve the return on investment in developing employees: In order to improve the ROI, the employees should be made to bear the cost of development which helps the employees to gain knowledge. It can also be that the employees may be asked to do work on certain projects on freely basis. And the most important part is to maintain the relationship with the former employees, so that when they return back to job they bring back your ROI in the form of skills.(Cappelli,2008) Preserve the Investment by balancing the Employee-employer relationship: the employees can leave the job if they find better prospects. The best way to retain these employees is to maintain a relationship by having him share the advancement decisions.(Cappelli,2008) BIBLIOGRAPHY: Brscoe, D., Schuler, R. and Claus,E.(2009), International Human Resource Management 3rd Edition, Routledge London.[ONLINE] Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W5M-4XK321Y-1/2/814a88aaea2c415c71975e14a443484e?zone=raall. (Accessed on: Friedman, T.L., The World is Flat, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York. [Online]. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W5M-4XK321Y-1/2/814a88aaea2c415c71975e14a443484e?zone=raall. (Accessed on: U.S. Department of the Interior Office of Personnel Policy(2001), Workforce Planning Instruction Manual, Available at: http://www.doi.gov/hrm/WFPImanual.pdf. (Accessed on: Sundararajan(2009), Emerging Trends of Talent Management and Challenges of HRM ,[ONLINE] Available at: http://www.articlesbase.com/human-resources-articles/emerging-trends-of-talent-management-and-challenges-of-hrm-957837.html.(Accessed on: Bersin,J. (2008), Talent Management: State of the Industry, Human Resource Executive [Online], Available at: http://www.hrexecutive.com/HRE/story.jsp?storyId=98598263query=talent%20management.. (Accessed on: Tarique, I. and Schuler, R.S. (2009), Global Talent Management: Literature Review, Integrative Framework and suggestions for further research, Science Direct, [ONLINE], Available at : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W5M-4XK321Y-1/2/814a88aaea2c415c71975e14a443484e?zone=raall. (Accessed on: Adecco(2008), The next decades talent war, [ONLINE], Available at: http://www.dgfp.de/perdoc/document.php?id=81143. (Accessed on: Schuler, R.S., AND Jackson, S.E. (2009), The Global Talent Management Challenge: Drivers and HR actions for Attaining and Sustaining Global Competitive Advantage Science Direct, [ONLINE], Available at: http://www.dgfp.de/perdoc/document.php?id=81143. (Accessed on: Mellahi,K. and Collings, D.G.,(2009), The barriers to effective global talent management: The example of corporate elites in MNEs, Science Direct, [ONLINE], Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6W5M-4XJW048-2_user=8742368_coverDate=10/29/2009_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=search_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_searchStrId=1211489006_rerunOrigin=google_acct=C000009999_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=8742368md5=4c47e726a2ba56294846ce945e8801ef. (Accessed on: Ready, D.A. and Conger, J.A. (2007), Make your company a talent factory, Harvard Business Review, [ONLINE], Available at : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6W5M-4XJW048-2_user=8742368_coverDate=10/29/2009_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=search_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_searchStrId=1211489006_rerunOrigin=google_acct=C000009999_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=8742368md5=4c47e726a2ba56294846ce945e8801ef. (Accessed on: Deolitte(2009), Balancing talent strategies in difficult times, Available at : http://rss.hsyndicate.com/file/152003927.pdf. (Accessed on: Bersin Associates And Centre for Creative Leadership Industry Study(2009), High Impact Succession Management, Available at: http://www.centerforcreativeleadership.com/leadership/pdf/research/HighImpactSuccessionManagement.pdf. (Accessed on: Jackson, S.E., Hitt, M.A. and DeNisi, A. (2003), Managing knowledge for sustained competitive advantage, [ONLINE], Available at: http://www.dgfp.de/perdoc/document.php?id=81143. 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Fever: 1793 Coming of Age Book Report Essay example -- Laurie Halse An

At some point in a person's life, they must make the transition from childhood to adulthood. Many of a persons early life experiences can contribute to this transition, even if it is the simplest of things. Yellow Fever hit Philadelphia hard in 1793. It also hit hard in the book Fever: 1793 by Laurie Halse Anderson. In this book, fourteen year-old Mattie Cook?s life gets turned upside-down when Yellow Fever strikes Philadelphia. In her adventure, Mattie must show responsibility, and experience the pain of death before she matures into an adult. In the book, Mattie starts out as a lazy teenager who needs to be told what to do by her over controlling mother, but throughout the story, she becomes more responsible and adult-like. For example, at the start of their adventure, Mattie leaves P...

Virgils Aeneid as Roman Propaganda Essay example -- Aeneid Essays

Virgil's Aeneid as Roman Propaganda  Ã‚   Rome was experiencing a great deal of internal turmoil during the period when Virgil wrote the Aeneid. There was somewhat of an identity crisis in Rome as it had no definitive leader, or history. With the ascension of Augustus to the throne, Rome was unified again. Still, it had no great book. The Greeks had their Odyssey, giving them a sense of history and of continuity through time. A commonly held view is that the Aeneid attempts to provide the Romans with this sense of continuity or roots. There is a great deal of textual evidence to support this interpretation. Virgil makes numerous references to the greatness of Rome through "ancient" prophecies. Clearly, the entire poem is an account of the founders of Rome. In some sense, this does make the Aeneid seem as a piece of propaganda. However, upon closer examination, there is another idea that Virgil presents. War is painted as a vicious and bloody, not some glorious event. The image of war condemns the concept of Rome as the all-p owerful conqueror of other nations. Not only that, but the strong emphasis on duty is frequently mocked. These underlying ideas would seem to run contrary to the theory that Virgil was simply producing a synthesized history of ancient Romans. In order to determine the true intent of the Aeneid, it is important that both ideas presented be examined. "I sing of warfare and a man at war†¦Till he could found a city†¦the high walls of Rome." (Book I, 1-12) There can be no dispute that the Aeneid is an account of the history of Rome. There are several items which with Virgil links the story of Aeneas to the Rome of his time period. Probably the most obvious of these is the surplus of predictions concerning Rome’... ...many readers today still are). No one can be entirely sure of Virgil’s true intent in writing the Aeneid. Perhaps he meant it as a glorification of Rome that had some discrepancies in it. Perhaps he meant it as an attack upon the character of Rome with some inconsistencies. Either way, it does not work well. Whatever Virgil’s argument, he compromises it by playing up the opposite argument. If Virgil meant to attack Rome, he failed in some respects. Likewise, if he meant the Aeneid to be a work of Roman propaganda, he was ineffective. Works Cited and Consulted Horsfall, Nicholas, ed. A Companion to the Study of Virgil. Leiden, New York, and Kà ¶ln: E. J. Brill, 1995. Putnam, Michael C. J. â€Å"Anger, Blindness, and Insight in Virgil's Aeneid.† Apeiron 23 (1990): 7-40. Virgil. Aeneid. Dover Thrift Edition. Trans. Charles J. Billson. New York: Dover, 1995. Virgil's Aeneid as Roman Propaganda Essay example -- Aeneid Essays Virgil's Aeneid as Roman Propaganda  Ã‚   Rome was experiencing a great deal of internal turmoil during the period when Virgil wrote the Aeneid. There was somewhat of an identity crisis in Rome as it had no definitive leader, or history. With the ascension of Augustus to the throne, Rome was unified again. Still, it had no great book. The Greeks had their Odyssey, giving them a sense of history and of continuity through time. A commonly held view is that the Aeneid attempts to provide the Romans with this sense of continuity or roots. There is a great deal of textual evidence to support this interpretation. Virgil makes numerous references to the greatness of Rome through "ancient" prophecies. Clearly, the entire poem is an account of the founders of Rome. In some sense, this does make the Aeneid seem as a piece of propaganda. However, upon closer examination, there is another idea that Virgil presents. War is painted as a vicious and bloody, not some glorious event. The image of war condemns the concept of Rome as the all-p owerful conqueror of other nations. Not only that, but the strong emphasis on duty is frequently mocked. These underlying ideas would seem to run contrary to the theory that Virgil was simply producing a synthesized history of ancient Romans. In order to determine the true intent of the Aeneid, it is important that both ideas presented be examined. "I sing of warfare and a man at war†¦Till he could found a city†¦the high walls of Rome." (Book I, 1-12) There can be no dispute that the Aeneid is an account of the history of Rome. There are several items which with Virgil links the story of Aeneas to the Rome of his time period. Probably the most obvious of these is the surplus of predictions concerning Rome’... ...many readers today still are). No one can be entirely sure of Virgil’s true intent in writing the Aeneid. Perhaps he meant it as a glorification of Rome that had some discrepancies in it. Perhaps he meant it as an attack upon the character of Rome with some inconsistencies. Either way, it does not work well. Whatever Virgil’s argument, he compromises it by playing up the opposite argument. If Virgil meant to attack Rome, he failed in some respects. Likewise, if he meant the Aeneid to be a work of Roman propaganda, he was ineffective. Works Cited and Consulted Horsfall, Nicholas, ed. A Companion to the Study of Virgil. Leiden, New York, and Kà ¶ln: E. J. Brill, 1995. Putnam, Michael C. J. â€Å"Anger, Blindness, and Insight in Virgil's Aeneid.† Apeiron 23 (1990): 7-40. Virgil. Aeneid. Dover Thrift Edition. Trans. Charles J. Billson. New York: Dover, 1995.

The recent increase in agricultural productivity

In the recent times the agricultural productiveness has been increased two times while the country of the cultivated land is increased by merely 10 percent.But the job is how to manage the inauspicious effects of clime alteration on agribusiness productiity.Incrasing populations at high rate I is besides a serious concern, harmonizing to FAO the universe population will make 9 billion by 2050 which is presently 6.7 billion.It is estimated that the universe agricultural nutrient demand will be increased to 70 % , and at the same clip clime alteration is expectrd Ro cut down the agricultural productivity.The function of developing states is critical and they should must transform their tradional patterns to modern techniques.To guarantee the nutrient security in future FAO has proposed figure of valueable ways through which the agricultural production will increased with minimising the consequence of utmost clime conditions.The proposed methods are soi and alimentary direction in this methods smallholders can profit the most by the usage of manure and harvests residues to increase production.Management of H2O in harvests prodution is besides of import, today irrigation is practiced in merely 20 % of the agricultural land in the devloping states but are genearting 130 % more yields.Smallholders should follow the efficeint methods or H2O use.Cliamte alteration has increased the effects or plagues and diseases impacts on the harvests which in consequence has decreased the outputs leval.Resilence othe ecosystems is of import as ecosystem can assist in many ways in prolonging the cliamte and cut downing the degree of GHGs emissions.Harvesting and supply ironss of the harvests should be efficient and advanced so that the station crop losingss should be minimized.Processing and storage of agricutral merchandises besides helps in cut downing the losingss of excess food.Use of advanced engineerings improves the production degree but at the same clip, in some instances the job of ecological harm, resource development and plague and diseases are noticed.These all patterns are making good in different developing states under the guidline of FAO but still there are still so me information spreads which consequences in the faliure of practical application of these production systems and patterns. Rice is one of the most cardinal nutrient point used in most underdeveloped states and about 3 billion people eat rice daily.Due to the utmost waether conditions H2O logging and irregular rainfall enchantments has adversly effact the end product of rice crop.Differnt methods are proposed to command these effects.Croping forms are changed and embankments are built to construct t protect rice farms from inundations and drouth, tolerant and resistent varities of rice are being introduced.Different researches are being done on rice cultivation and urea deep arrangement UDP engineering has been developed.In bagladesh these this pattern has shown 60 % nest eggs in urea usage and output additions of about 1 ton per hacter.Differnt extenuation and version techniques are being used by different states e.g usage of natural fertilisers, variegation of harvests nad no cultivated land. Conservation agiculture is another pattern which is proposed by FAO it has three steps.Managemant and usage of fertilisers in such a manner that more is produced with less usage of fertilizers.Rotation of harvests and usage of legums workss for nitrogen arrested development and avoidence of tillage.It reduces the vulnerabilty of harvests by version to cliamte alteration and besides better the nutrient security in sustainable way.agroforestry is another pattern by which the issue of milliliter and nutrient security can be minimized.It is the usage of trees an vitamin D bush in agricutural harvest and in land managemnr systemTrees can better the dirt birthrate, particularly the N repairing legume trees.In Africa this system has increased corns end product from 1.3 to 1.6 tons.It is besides one of chief beginning of C sequestartion of the universe CO2 emissions.It is of import for two hundred extenuation. Urban and semi urban agricuture is besides impotant to adress the issue of nutrient security and turning demand.50 % of universe population is populating in metropoliss but they can non run into their demand of nutrient so they rely on rural agri products.In metropoliss agriclture production can be parcticed in diffent topographic points like schools, infirmaries roof tops and Windowss boxes etc and these are go oning in some countries.But there are different sorts of hurdlings like the deficit of H2O, land issue, envirnomental impacts of urban agri consequence the populace and make diseaes and wellness concerns.therefore mor advanced tecnolgies are required and metropoliss be aftering should back up the urban agri activities.The demand of more advanced production system is besides needed which can besides carry through the smallfamers enregy needs.Biofules shuold be produced from the residue of different harvests.

Leadership Imperatives in the Arab-American University Essay

Leadership in a school of higher and advanced learning such as the Arab-American University requires collaborative and confrontational challenges with a number of issues, typical but not limited to that of any educational institution. Such issues as cultural diversity, inclusivity, intellectual activities such as research and instruction, social involvements such as community extension services, students affairs, finance, marketing, strategic business models, organizational theories, profitability and shareholder value, political and social congruencies and differences, among others, often create deep chasms to and between the various school sectors that are ironically bound by a common purpose – quality education. This is made more demanding when Arab and American views are integrated in a single community. What unique leadership and management model therefore would apply under such a sensitive configuration? What risk management intervention would constantly prevail? What residual risks or synergy, if any, would be evident? Leadership and management in an educational institution are perhaps among the most formal, sensitive and confrontational roles a professional can assume. Business organizations established for profit are far easier managed and led as there is that environment and mandate of compliance required of every employee based on employment contracts and agreements. This compliance system gives the manager the elbow room to adopt an organizational approach under a theory x or y scenario. Admittedly, discipline under an entrepreneurial undertaking is demanded primarily to meet shareholder value targets and for survival secondarily. Universities are considered more complex than most organizational systems as they demand the most professional processes than any other institution. Schools are assumed to be the fount and cradle of learning, hence a strong exemplary modeling of instructors and administrators are always the subject of intensive scrutiny among other sectors. Would this university therefore require a business-like management style or an organization leadership mix that is as fluid as the socio-cultural and political dimensions? . In an age where socio-cultural and political diversities are characterized with the widest spectra and extremes, the establishment of an Arab-American intellectual Mecca can be expected to require the most intense professional and socio-cultural leadership anywhere. This study would be interested in identifying areas of collaboration while addressing confrontational issues and risks along the process. Similarly, the relevance of this study along multicultural settings in complex and diverse forms and in highly professional environment would transcend, even revolutionize all assumptions, hypothesis and even all forms of propositions about multicultural biases. Brief history of the Arab-American University The Arab-American University (AAU) was established in 1973 as non-sectarian, non-profit and non-government institution of higher learning. Its primary purpose is to address the educational needs of Arab-Americans starting from preschool to basic, secondary, higher education, to graduate and post-graduate levels. Among its goals and objectives include providing full scholarships to families of indigent but intellectually capable members of the Arab-American community in a specific area with a relatively high density of Arab-American families. While the university accepts Muslim students, it also caters to students from other religious and cultural denominations and groups.. The university is primarily a combination of a business college strongly oriented towards information technology and engineering courses, both technical and baccalaureate degrees. The university is composed of seven schools: the Schools of Business Management, Hospitality Management, Accountancy, Nursing and Midwifery, Medicine, Arts, Political and the Social Sciences, Polytechnic Institute composed of the Departments of Architecture, Computer Science, Electronic Communications Engineering, Civil and Mechanical Engineering and Fine Arts, its flagship programs includes Accountancy where it ranks among the top 50 business schools in the United States, Electronics Communications Engineering, Nursing, Hospitality Management and Mechanical Engineering. All seven schools are verticalized with their respective graduate schools. As of the year 2008, the university boasted a population of 30,000 highly selected students and scholars from 25 states and 15 countries mostly from the Middle East and Asian countries. Its student population increases by an average of 15 per cent and expected to hit 50,000 by 2012. Presently, it maintains two campuses – the Chicago and Urbana Campuses, each with its own charter and separate sets of faculty. All courses are offered in both campuses. For the last three years, AAU has garnered a number of academic awards, including twelve top researches awards in Accountancy, Computer Sciences, Nursing, Electronic Communications Engineering Awards. As of December 31, 2008, the school started to become consistent in its passing rate for the Accountancy, Nursing and Engineering courses all averaging about 80 per cent against the national norm of 40 per cent. For nursing, AAU has started to register a 100 per cent passing rate in the Nursing Board Examinations. All colleges and schools in the university are headed by a Dean of the College and are assisted by a Vice Dean with a pool of Academic Chairs for each of the courses or majors within the college. A Faculty secretary is the administrative officer of each college or school and must be a holder of a doctor’s degree in any of the courses in the college where he or she is assigned. The faculty secretary is the point person of every college but maintains a built-in six units of academic load in addition to his full-time administrative work. The university boasts of complete state of the art facilities for all of its laboratory classes including its basic education department. Its library is one of the most complete, up-to-date libraries in the world with the most comprehensive collection of traditional and electronic materials. During the last five years, the university has been the recipient of awards for excellence in community involvement and extension services. Its research center laboratory enjoys an endowment fund from where it trains and maintains its pool of researchers from the ranks of the faculty. Leadership Efficiency and Effectiveness and the primary key concepts adopted in the university Just like any school of advanced learning, the university is a complex organization that adheres to the mission, vision, goals and objectives it has demanded from itself and its academic and non-academic employees the highest standards of professionalism, responsiveness, community involvement, strong, visible and dynamic research-orientations and the disciplinary but compassionate relationship maintained with the students of all levels. To be effective and efficient, the university periodically asserted its need to formalize and communicate its strategic, tactical and operational plan in the same other successful organizations do. (Robbins, 2003). Looking ahead and beyond the current situations in the industry, (in this case the education sector) brings uncertainties and risks into the open and allows the organization a clear means of managing, confronting and even avoiding those uncertainties and risks. (Shaw,2003). The university makes sure that it conducts its strategic planning session annually before the onset of the succeeding year in time for translating the strategic level into the tactical component as well as operationalizing the tactical level. (Anthony & Govindarajan, 2001). Similarly, AAU never fails to conduct an evaluation and assessment of its preset plans as means of determining where it is and what constraining and enabling factors it is experiencing. (Atkinson et al, 2003). This evaluation additionally renders the university an effective means of addressing change (Koller as cited by Robbins, 2003). These planning and change management processes articulates AAUs assertion of leadership under inherent socio-cultural complexities through clear visioning and communication initiatives to all its stakeholders that for many years, have been encouraged to actively participate in the planning sessions. This has greatly contributed to the overwhelming atmosphere of professionalism in the university. The senior administrators of AAU may not have formal training on complexity management, but their organizational leadership styles enable the attainment of an enviable cohesiveness as a team with a common purpose of being; that of addressing ignorance and mediocrity where they are needed. AAU’s uniqueness stems from its capability to harness its management with the leadership character to instill regulatory and policy compliance without having to assert authority and power in between (House cited by Robbins, 2003). It is surprising that even under intense pressure to compete and manage the scarce resources provided endowment; the AAU is able to integrate the sensitive and complex balance scorecard approach in its strategic decision making. (Kaplan & Norton, 2004). The university attributes this success factor on its priority for choosing its leaders under the trait theory that focuses on the personal qualities along charisma, exemplary modeling, attitude, enthusiasm and even personal traits common to both cultures as courage and determination. (Robbins,2003). Despite rigorous studies on identifying leadership traits for its management, supervisory and staff positions, the university correlates traits such as drive and ambition, integrity which includes honesty and sincerity, competence along knowledge and skills and even sense of sacrifice. (Robbins,2003). The university however, continues to experience a dearth of this type of managers with the leadership dimension due to the expansion and establishment of similar institutions outside of the United States. Thus, aware of this constraint, AAU emphasizes its executive and management development training programs to prepare the transition of its key people towards the great demand for exemplary modeling (DelaTorre, 2006); that is, managers and leaders who took initiatives to address the personal needs of the employees as means of making them more productive in the process. (Robbins, 2003). The university seldom experiences the risks of the groupthink factor (Shafritz & Ott on Janis,1992) as it respects the need for all decision makers to be extremely knowledgeable and skilled in the decision making processes. Being a part of its strategic objectives, the annual development programs encourage AAU employees to be continuously motivated, through the behavioral theory approach, effectively deciding as a team in addressing organizational objectives. This motivational drive expands the employees horizons and capabilities towards job satisfaction and sustainable learning and growth of its human capital (Kaplan & Norton, 2003). As a result, AAU has achieved in just 25 years what other universities tried to accomplish in a century and under the most challenging multicultural scenarios. On one hand, the leadership and management mix being adopted in the university guarantees and assure empowerment of units and people towards autonomy and self-regulation. This is granted after intensive training on decision making and university processes that includes appreciation and utilization of marketing researches and theories in support of policy formulation and implementation. The immense authorities and power given especially to the respective heads of offices, primarily the Deans of Colleges and Schools, are always tempered with management control systems to guide all decisions towards achievement of goals every inch of the way. The resultant good governance, control and transparency outcomes of this empowerment initiatives unburdens the senior management with operational concerns, thus allowing this level a clear focus on the strategic direction of the university and strengthening its social and political influence through good governance and risk management processes (Shaw,2003) On the other hand, the administrative efficiency has been excellently adopted through specialization and responsibility accounting that enables units to address issues at every level strengthening the span of control while focusing tasks towards a specific class of clients, concerns and even the university campus designated purposely for the educational services. (Shafrits & Ott on Simon, 1992). The leadership styles and practices exercised by the AAU stakeholder group are creating new levels of efficiency and effectiveness in the hierarchy and creating precedents as well as new theories to emerge in the realm of university value-based (Koller, 1994) management and organizational leadership. These new learning and growth perspectives have revolutionized the balanced scorecard (Horngren et al, 2000) and stakeholder principles (DelaTorre, 2006) with an exemplary mix of leadership innovations. Despite the control risks that mix might be spawned by the staff turnovers experienced during the last few years, the university has maintained a loyalty index of more than ten years among its people. This is a sustainability plus factor in human resource management of the school. Other key principles and concepts adopted In the area of instruction, research and extension services for example, excellence in the classroom is primarily driven by a strongly motivated select members of the faculty pool whose training and development focus is based on aligning the needs of the teachers with the needs of the university. This congruency theory in objectives (DelaTorre, 2006) allows for mutual and beneficial relationship between faculty providers and students. The intervention theory (Shafrits & Ott on Argyris, 1992) in organizations demands a strong psychotherapy approach (Rogers & Roethlisberger, 2000) to communications. The theory presupposes the presence of a special relationship between people to enable openness and transparency among constituents. Teachers display this practice in terms of open and complementary student advising and counseling sessions not only as part of the intervention process but a critical part of the formation process in education. Students need and demand attention in the form of interventions especially in difficult and complex scenarios they find themselves in the process of earning a degree. Thus this psychotherapy theory helps in providing a strong motivational environment in the classroom opens avenues for students to be creative and enthusiastic about their career plans. Secondarily, this special attention given to student clientele becomes a strong promotional and marketing tool for the university in attracting students even from those school already established. The need for any intensive advertising and marketing efforts to project the identity of the schools are addressed by the students themselves who become informal marketing and testimonial proofs of quality education. This has expanded the market of the university even to those non-Arab-Americans who appreciate the philosophy that the school articulates and manifests through its graduates. Managing and leading a university in the current socio-economic environment becomes problematic even under the various principles of organization (Shafritz and Ott on Cohen and March, 1992). These anarchic ambiguities of purpose, power, experience and success can render even the most competent university president to fail in some circumstances in due time. Thus the management and organizational leadership mix is both critical and mandatory. This allows the president to grab the appropriate management and leadership tool at a given situation and scenario and exert and even allow certain precedent-setting decisions to effect changes with the least minimum resistance or optimum cooperation. Thus, inability along this line runs the risk of getting confused with his leadership character or manager authority or some hybrid in between. For AAU, the consultation process with the constituents and stakeholders becomes the medium by which decision critical to every office head’s functions are articulated. This explores the best idea possible while addressing and dissipating potential resistance to any innovations and measures not easily understood or appreciated.

The Sorrows of Young Werther Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Sorrows of Young Werther - Essay Example Werther finds Lotte to be the object of his hopeless desire, but social conventions of a world based on reason keep her just out of his reach. His unrequited passion for Lotte ultimately destroys him as his frustrated melancholy drowns every other aspect of his personality. Werther too can be defined by one key trait: his inner sensitivity. His sensitivity enables him to be acutely aware of his emotions and the beauty around, which makes him attractive to others. Sensations can be intensified to such an extent that he is often entranced to a blissful state. The introduction, as written by the fictional editor, establishes Werther as worthy of admiration: "You cannot withhold your admiration and love for his character, any more than your tears for his fate... take comfort in his suffering" (Introduction, l. 3-6). However, the same trait cultivates Werther's flaws: self-absorbed, egotistic, and hypersensitivity. Werther, has little internal struggle and is usually forthright about his emotions. Werther's defining trait also acts as the central cause of his actions: "my heart, which is the fountainhead of all-all strength, happiness and misery my heart alone is my own." (p. 97) Werther often complains about the hardships of living, and yet he proclaims: "We human beings often complain that there are so few good days and so many bad ones; but I think we are generally wrong. If our hearts were always open to enjoy the good, which God gives us every day, then we should also have enough strength to bear the evil" (p. 38). As The Sorrows of Young Werther's end approaches, Werther is in a deep depression and is allowed to fall deeper in love despite recognized consequences: "Dear God! Am I culpable that I even now feel a supreme happiness in again living through those glowing moments of joy in all their intensity Lotte! Lotte! - And this is the end!" (p. 135). Suicide is an unnatural act, fundamentally contradicting the central action of life: living. Death renders beings ultimately desensitized, the complete opposite of Werther's trait. Concluding, the story is not just about a young man who is obsessed with a young woman and kills himself because he cannot have her. The main theme is more about passion which completely drives the story. Werther is passionate about practically anything. He clearly values nature, youthfulness, society and the love for Lotte. He is totally dominated by his hopeless passion for all things in life. From the beginning of the story, Werther takes particular pleasure in nature. He tells William "I feel content herethe abundance of this youthful season gives warmth to a heartevery tree, every hedgerow is a bouquet" (p. 24). Werther is devoted to nature; his "whole being is filled with a marvelous gaiety, like the sweet spring morning" (p. 24). When his mother first sends him on the journey, he says he is "alone and glad to be alive" (p. 24). He talks about a spring he is mysteriously drawn to: the natural beauty that surrounds him enchants him. He goes on to talk about the "footpath that leads to the villageoverlooking the entire valley" (p. 30). He puts so much emotion into his letters to William about the "most marvellous sunrisethe trees, wet, the fields refreshedblustering wind stormsrush of a forest" (p. 92). And from this, we can see exactly why he has